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Species
Solidago nemoralis Aiton, 1789
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
"Notes: Western Ghats, Cultivated, Native of North Temperate America"
The arrays can be elongate with ends bent nearly 90–180°.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417290 |
The native Field Goldenrod occurs in most counties of Illinois, where it is occasional to locally common (see Distribution Map). Habitats include upland areas of black soil prairies, gravel prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, thinly wooded bluffs, sandy savannas, sand dunes, fence rows, abandoned fields, eroded clay banks, roadsides, and areas along railroads. In some western states, Field Goldenrod is considered a troublesome weed, but in Illinois it occurs primarily in areas that have little value to agriculture and ranching. This goldenrod is found in both degraded and higher quality habitats.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fld_goldenrodx.htm |
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Solidago+nemoralis |
Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri
Plants 20–100 cm; caudices short-branched. Stems 1–6(–10) , erect, short-canescent (hairs ascending to appressed). Leaves: basal and proximal cauline tapering to long, winged petioles, blades spatulate-ovate to oblanceolate, 20–95 × 7–15 mm, margins crenate to entire, apices acute, faces densely puberulent; mid and distal cauline (sometimes subtending axillary tufts of lateral branch leaves) sessile, blades linear-oblance-olate, 16–45 × 3–7 mm, reduced distally, margins entire. Heads 10–300, secund, in wandlike pyramidal, paniculiform arrays, secund to apically recurved, 8–25 × 2.5–10 cm, sometimes proximal branches elongate, repeating pattern. Peduncles 2–3.5 mm, bracteoles 0–4, linear. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 2.6–5.8 mm. Phyllaries in 3 series, ovate to linear-lanceolate, unequal, outer acute, inner obtuse. Ray florets 5–11; laminae 2.8–5.5 × 0.3–0.7 mm. Disc florets 3–10; 2.5–4.6 mm, lobes 0.4-0.6 mm. Cypselae (obconic) 0.5–2 mm, strigose; pappi 2–4 mm.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417290 |
Habit: Herb
The native Field Goldenrod occurs in most counties of Illinois, where it is occasional to locally common (see Distribution Map). Habitats include upland areas of black soil prairies, gravel prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, thinly wooded bluffs, sandy savannas, sand dunes, fence rows, abandoned fields, eroded clay banks, roadsides, and areas along railroads. In some western states, Field Goldenrod is considered a troublesome weed, but in Illinois it occurs primarily in areas that have little value to agriculture and ranching. This goldenrod is found in both degraded and higher quality habitats.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fld_goldenrodx.htm |
Solidago nemoralis (Field Goldenrod)
(Bees collect pollen or suck nectar, flies & beetles feed on pollen or suck nectar; other insects suck nectar; observations are from Robertson, Reed, Evans, Swengel & Swengel, Krombein et al., Steury et al., and Grundel et al. as indicated below)
Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apinae): Apis mellifera sn cp fq (Rb, Ev, SDO, Gnd); Apidae (Bombini): Bombus affinis (Re), Bombus auricomus sn (Rb), Bombus griseocollis (Re), Bombus impatiens sn (Rb, Ev, Re, Gnd), Bombus pensylvanicus sn (Rb), Bombus ternarius (Re), Bombus vagans (Re); Anthophoridae (Ceratinini): Ceratina sp. (Re), Ceratina calcarata (SDO), Ceratina dupla dupla sn (Rb, Ev) fq; Anthophoridae (Epeolini): Epeolus scutellaris sn (Re), Triepeolus cressonii cressonii sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Eucerini): Melissodes rustica (Re); Megachilidae (Megachilini): Megachile brevis brevis sn cp (Rb), Megachile latimanus (Re), Megachile mendica (Ev), Megachile pugnatus (Re); Megachilidae (Trypetini): Heriades leavitti sn cp (Rb)
Bees (short-tongued)
Halictidae (Halictinae): Agapostemon splendens (Gnd), Agapostemon virescens (Ev), Augochlorella aurata sn (Rb), Augochloropsis metallica metallica (Re), Augochloropsis sumptuosa (Re), Halictus ligatus sn (Rb), Halictus rubicundus (Ev), Lasioglossum illinoensis sn (Rb), Lasioglossum lineatulus (Re), Lasioglossum pectoralis sn (Rb, Ev), Lasioglossum pilosus pilosus (Ev, Re), Lasioglossum versatus sn cp fq (Rb), Lasioglossum vierecki (Re, Gnd), Paralictus platyparius sn (Rb); Halictidae (Sphecodini): Sphecodes sp. sn (Re); Colletidae (Colletinae): Colletes americana sn cp fq (Rb), Colletes compactus sn cp fq (Rb), Colletes eulophi sn cp (Rb), Colletes mandibularis (Re), Colletes simulans armata sn cp fq olg (Rb, Ev, Re); Colletidae (Hylaeinae): Hylaeus mesillae sn fq (Rb, Gnd), Andrenidae (Andreninae): Andrena accepta (Kr), Andrena asteris sn cp (Rb, Kr), Andrena hirticincta cp olg (Re), Andrena nubecula sn cp fq olg (Rb), Andrena placata cp olg (Re), Andrena simplex cp olg (Re, Kr); Andrenidae (Panurginae): Heterosarus andrenoides sn cp (Rb), Heterosarus compositarum sn (Rb), Heterosarus nebrascensis (Re)
Wasps
Sphecidae (Crabroninae): Ectemnius lapidarius (Re), Ectemnius rufifemur (Rb), Lestica confluentus fq (Rb), Oxybelus mexicanus (Rb); Sphecidae (Larrinae): Ancistromma distincta (Rb); Sphecidae (Pemphredoninae): Mimesa denticulata (Rb); Sphecidae (Philanthinae): Cerceris clypeata (Rb), Cerceris deserta (Re), Cerceris finitima (Rb), Cerceris kennicottii (Rb), Philanthus bilunatus (Re), Philanthus gibbosus (Rb), Philanthus politus (Re); Sphecidae (Sphecinae): Ammophila kennedyi (Rb), Ammophila pictipennis (Rb), Ammophila procera (Rb); Tiphiidae: Myzinum maculata (Re), Myzinum quinquecincta (Re); Vespidae: Polistes annularis fq (Rb), Polistes carolina (Rb), Polistes fuscata fq (Rb, Re), Vespula vidua (Re); Vespidae (Eumeninae): Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Rb, Re), Ancistrocerus catskill (Rb), Euodynerus foraminatus (Rb, Re), Stenodynerus anormis (Rb), Stenodynerus histrionalis (Rb); Pompilidae: Anoplius sp. (Re), Anoplius illinoensis (Rb), Anoplius marginatus (Rb), Aporus niger (Rb), Ceropales fulvipes (Rb), Ceropales maculata (Rb); Chrysididae: Ceratochrysis perpulchra (Rb); Braconidae: Chelonus sericeus (Rb, Re)
Flies
Syrphidae: Dasysyrphus venustus sn (Rb), Eristalis dimidiatus (Re), Eupeodes americanus sn fp (Rb), Sphaerophoria contiqua sn (Rb), Spilomyia longicornis sn (Rb), Syritta pipiens sn fp (Rb, Re), Toxomerus geminatus sn (Rb); Bombyliidae: Exoprosopa caliptera (Re), Sparnopolius confusus sn (Rb), Systropus macer sn (Rb); Conopidae: Thecophora occidensis sn (Rb); Tachinidae: Archytas aterrima sn (Rb), Gymnosoma fuliginosum sn (Rb), Lydina areos sn (Rb), Trichopoda pennipes sn (Rb), Xanthomelanodes arcuatus sn (Rb); Sarcophagidae: Amobia aurifrons sn fq (Rb), Blaesoxipha hunteri sn (Rb), Helicobia rapax sn (Rb), Ravinia anxia sn (Rb); Calliphoridae: Cochliomyia macellaria sn (Rb), Lucilia illustris sn (Rb), Lucilia sericata sn (Rb); Muscidae: Musca domestica sn (Rb), Neomyia cornicina sn (Rb), Stomoxys calcitrans sn (Rb); Chloropidae: Chlorops proximus sn (Rb); Tephritidae: Dioxyna picciola sn (Rb), Trupanea mevarna sn (Rb)
Butterflies
Nymphalidae: Danaus plexippus (Rb); Lycaenidae: Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Sw); Pieridae: Colias sp. (Re), Colias philodice (Rb), Eurema lisa (Rb)
Moths
Arctiidae: Utetheisa bella (Rb); Ctenuchidae: Cisseps fulvicollis (Rb, Re); Noctuidae: Helicoverpa zea (Rb)
Beetles
Cantharidae: Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus sn (Rb); Cerambycidae: Megacyllene robiniae fp np (Rb); Chrysomelidae: Diabrotica longicornis sn (Rb); Coccinellidae: Coccinella novemnotata fp np (Rb); Meloidae: Epicauta pensylvanica fp np fq icp (Rb)
Plant Bugs
Miridae: Lygus lineolaris (Rb); Lygaeidae: Lygaeus turcicus (Rb); Alydidae: Alydus pilosulus (Rb)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2015 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects//plants/fld_goldenrod.htm |
A wide variety of insects visit the flowers for pollen and nectar, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, Sphecid and Vespid wasps, flies, butterflies, moths, and beetles. Bee visitors include honey bees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), Halictid bees, plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), and Andrenid bees. Several Andrenid bees are oligoleges (specialist pollinators) of goldenrods. Fly visitors include Syrphid flies, Tachinid flies, flesh flies, blow flies, and Muscid flies. Other insects feed destructively on the foliage, florets, roots, and other parts of Field Goldenrod and other goldenrods. These insect feeders include Lopidea media (Goldenrod Plant Bug), Corythucha marmorata (Goldenrod Lace Bug), Hesperotettix viridis (Meadow Purple-Striped Grasshopper) and Melanoplus confusus (Little Pasture Grasshopper), Manomera blatchleyi (Blatchley's Walkingstick), the leaf beetles Longitarsus solidaginis and Ophraella sexvititta, the aphids Acuticauda solidaginifoliae and Uroleucon rudbeckiae, and the leafhopper Paraphlepsius solidaginis. In addition, the caterpillars of many moths feed on various parts of goldenrods (see Moth Table). Goldenrods are sources of food to some vertebrate animals. For example, the seeds, flowerheads, and leaves are eaten by the Greater Prairie Chicken and possibly other upland gamebirds; the Eastern Goldfinch also eats the seeds. Mammalian herbivores, such as groundhogs, rabbits, deer, and livestock, will browse on Field Goldenrod and other goldenrods occasionally, although they are not preferred as sources of food. Photographic Location
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fld_goldenrodx.htm |