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Species
Jasminum
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Shrubs, often partly climbing or climbers. Leaves opposite, whorled or alternate, simple or compound. Domatia sometimes present in the axils of lateral nerves on the lower leaf surface. Inflorescences few-many flowered, cymose or solitary. Flowers scented. Calyx with cup-shaped tube and 5-15 teeth. Corolla white or yellow, salver-shaped with 5-13 lobes. Fruit a deeply 2-lobed, 2-seeded berry.
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Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=1084 |
Jasminum
Arbustos erectos o escandentes o lianas volubles. Hojas opuestas o con menos frecuencia alternas, simples o pinnaticompuestas, pecioladas; estípulas ausentes. Flores bisexuales, actinomorfas, usualmente vistosas y fragantes, solitarias, agregadas en cimas o panículas axilares o terminales; bracteas diminutas; cáliz campanulado o infundibuliforme, con 4-9 lóbulos; corola hipocrateriforme, con 4-9 lóbulos imbricados, el tubo cilíndrico; estambres 2, insertos en el tubo; ovario súpero, 2-locular, con 2 óvulos subsésiles, el estilo delgado y alargado, el estigma bilobado o con menos frecuencia simple. Fruto una baya pequeña. Género con 200-450 especies oriundas de Asia, Malasia, África y Australia.
Jasminum
Erect or scandent shrubs or twining vines. Leaves opposite or less frequently alternate, simple or pinnately compound; petioles present; stipules absent. Flowers bisexual, usually showy and fragrant, solitary, clustered in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles; calyx campanulate or infundibuliform, with 4-9 lobes; corolla hypocrateriform, with 4-9 imbricate lobes, the tube cylindrical; stamens 2, included in the tube; ovary superior, the style slender and elongate, the stigma bilobate or less frequently simple. Fruit a small berry. A genus of 450 species, native to Asia, Malasia, Africa, and Australia.
Foodplant / pathogen
Arabis Mosaic virus infects and damages live, yellowed leaf of Jasminum
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pseudococcus sucks sap of live green part of Jasminum
Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo vespa grazes on leaf of Jasminum
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Jasminum.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:195
Specimens with Sequences:423
Specimens with Barcodes:296
Species:46
Species With Barcodes:46
Public Records:48
Public Species:24
Public BINs:0
Jasmine (taxonomic name Jasminum /ˈjæsmɨnəm/)[5] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "Jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "Jasmine").
Contents
Description[edit]
Jasmines can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne opposite or alternate. They can be simple, trifoliate, or pinnate. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.[6][7]
The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (2n=39), Jasminum flexile (2n=52), Jasminum primulinum (2n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (2n=52).[6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[8][9] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[7]
A number of jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from Iran and western South Asia, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[6]
Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[10][11]Jasminum polyanthum, also known as White Jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[12]
Taxonomy[edit]
Species belonging to genus Jasminum are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[6]Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[4]
The genus name is derived from the Persian Yasameen ("gift from God") through Arabic and Latin.[13][14][15]
Selected Species[edit]
Species include:[16]
- J. abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC.
– forest jasmine - J. adenophyllum Wall.
– bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine - J. angulare Vahl
- J. angustifolium (L.) Willd.
- J. auriculatum Vahl
– Indian hasmine, needle-flower jasmine - J. azoricum L.
- J. beesianum Forrest & Diels
– red jasmine - J. dichotomum Vahl
– Gold Coast jasmine - J. didymum G.Forst.
- J. dispermum Wall.
- J. elegans Knobl.
- J. elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd.
- J. floridum Bunge
- J. fluminense Vell.
- J. fruticans L.
- J. grandiflorum L.
– Catalonian jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine - J. humile L.
– Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine - J. anceolarium Roxb.
- J. mesnyi Hance
– Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine - J. multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews
– Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine - J. multipartitum Hochst.
– starry wild jasmine - J. nervosum Lour.
- J. nobile C.B.Clarke
- J. nudiflorum Lindl.
– winter jasmine - J. odoratissimum L.
– yellow jasmine - J. officinale L.
– common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine - J. parkeri Dunn
– dwarf jasmine - J. polyanthum Franch.
- J. sambac (L.) Aiton
– Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine - J. simplicifolium G.Forst.
- J. sinense Hemsl.
- J. subhumile W.W.Sm.
- J. subtriplinerve Blume
- J. tortuosum Willd.
- J. urophyllum Hemsl.
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a house plant, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia.
Jasmine tea[edit]
Jasmine[which?] tea is consumed in China, where it is called jasmine-flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are also used to make jasmine tea, which often has a base of green tea or white tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used. Flowers and tea are "mated"[clarification needed] in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. It must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. Giant fans are used to blow away and remove the petals from the denser tea leaves.
In Okinawa, Japan, jasmine tea is known as sanpin cha (さんぴん茶).
Jasmine syrup[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) |
Jasmine syrup, made from jasmine flowers,[which?] is used as a flavouring agent. it is used for the purpose perfumes/Drugs/Oils/and much more.
Jasmine essential oil[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) |
Jasmine[which?] is considered an absolute and not an essential oil as the petals of the flower are much too delicate and would be destroyed by the distillation process used in creating essential oils. Other than the processing method it is essentially the same as an essential oil. Absolute is a technical term used to denote the process of extraction. It is in common use. Its[which?] flowers are either extracted by the labour-intensive method of enfleurage or through chemical extraction. It[which?] is expensive due to the large number of flowers needed to produce a small amount of oil. The flowers have to be gathered at night because the odour of jasmine is more powerful after dark. The flowers are laid out on cotton cloths soaked in olive oil for several days and then extracted leaving the true jasmine essence. Some of the countries producing jasmine essential oil[which?] are India, Egypt, China and Morocco.
Jasmine absolute used in perfume and incense[edit]
Many species also yield an absolute, which is used in perfumes and incense. Its chemical constituents include methyl anthranilate, indole, benzyl alcohol, linalool, and skatole.
Jasmonates[edit]
Jasmine gave name to the jasmonate plant hormones as methyl jasmonate isolated from the jasmine oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[17]
Cultural importance[edit]
Madurai, a city in Tamil Nadu is famous for its Jasmine production. In the western and southern states of India, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, jasmine is cultivated in private homes. These flowers are used in regular worship and for hair ornaments. Jasmine is also cultivated commercially, for both the domestic and industrial uses such as the perfume industry. It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies and festivals. In the Chandan Yatra of lord Jagannath, the deity is bathed with water flavored in sandalwood paste and jasmine.
Jasmine flower vendors selling ready-made garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varietal, bunches of jasmine, as well as flowers by weight, are a common sight on city streets in many parts of India. They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.
A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[18][19] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower. Jasmine flowers were also used as a symbol during the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in the People's Republic of China.
In Syria, jasmine[which?] is the symbolic flower of Damascus,[citation needed] which is called the City of Jasmine. In Thailand, jasmine[which?] flowers are used as a symbol for motherhood.[citation needed]
"Jasmine" is also a feminine given name in some countries.
Jasmine as a national flower[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) |
Several countries and states consider jasmines as a national symbol. They are the following:
- Hawaii: Jasminum sambac ("pikake") is perhaps the most popular of flowers. It is often strung in leis and is the subject of many songs.
- Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the national flower, adopted in 1990. It goes by the name "melati putih" and is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java.
- Pakistan: Jasminum officinale is known as the "chambeli" or "yasmin", it is the national flower.
- Philippines: Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.
Other plants called "Jasmine"[edit]
- Brazilian Jasmine Mandevilla sanderi
- Cape Jasmine Gardenia,
- Carolina Jasmine Gelsemium
- Chilean Jasmine Mandevilla laxa
- New Zealand Jasmine Parsonsia capsularis
- Night-Blooming Jasmine Cestrum nocturnum
- Night-Flowering JasmineNyctanthes arbor-tristis
- Red Jasmine Plumeria rubra
- Star Jasmine, Confederate Jasmine Trachelospermum
- Tree Jasmine (disambiguation)
- Jasmine rice, a type of long-grain rice
See also[edit]
- Jasmine rice—smells like, but is not related to, Jasmine
References[edit]
- ^ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ UniProt. "Jasminum" (HTML). Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607.
- ^ a b c d A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
- ^ a b H. Panda (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.
- ^ Ernst Schmidt, Mervyn Lötter, & Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
- ^ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
- ^ "Jasminum fluminense". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
- ^ "Jasminum dichotomum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
- ^ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland - Jasminum polyanthum".
- ^ "jasmine, -in, jessamine, -in", OED
- ^ "jasmine." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
- ^ Metcalf, 1999, p. 123.
- ^ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- ^ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
- ^ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
Further reading[edit]
- "Jasminum Linn". Flora of Pakistan: 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). The World in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-95920-9.
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasmine&oldid=654443215 |