Species
Pieris
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Pieris, the whites or garden whites, is a widespread genus of butterflies of the family Pieridae. Many species of this genus have caterpillars which feed on cabbage and other members of the Brassicaceae. The chemical basis of this association with a certain plant group has been studied for over 100 years, and is now known to occur via a number of biochemical adaptations to chemicals called glucosinolates in these plants. In contrast to most other insects, Pieris caterpillars are able to detoxify these chemicals, and have become so specialised that they will not eat any food without glucosinolates. The Pieris females, in turn, check for the presence of glucosinolates before laying eggs on a plant. The crop-damaging species have spread from Eurasia to most of the rest of the world and are considered pest insects almost everywhere.
The females of many Pieris butterflies are UV reflecting, while the male wings are strongly UV absorbing due to pigments in the scales.[citation needed]
Species and notable subspecies[edit]
Arranged alphabetically.[1][2]
- Pieris ajaka Moore, 1865
- Pieris angelika Eitschberger, 1983 – Arctic White
- Pieris balcana Lorkovic, 1970 – Balkan Green-veined White
- Pieris bowdeni Eitschberger, 1984
- Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) – Large (Cabbage) White
- Pieris brassicoides Guérin-Méneville, 1849
- Pieris bryoniae (Hübner, [1790-1793]) – Dark-veined White or Mountain Green-veined White
- Pieris canidia (Sparrman, 1768) – Indian Cabbage White
- Pieris cheiranthi (Hübner, 1808) – Canary Islands' Large White
- Pieris chumbiensis (de Nicéville, 1884) – Chumbi White
- Pieris davidis Oberthür, 1876
- Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884) – Kashmir White
- Pieris dubernardi Oberthür, 1884
- Pieris dulcinea (Butler, 1882)
- Pieris eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1996
- Pieris ergane (Geyer, [1828]) – Mountain Small White
- Pieris erutae Poujade, 1888
- Pieris euorientis (Verity, 1908)
- Pieris extensa Poujade, 1888
- Pieris krueperi Staudinger, 1860 – Krueper's Small White
- Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884) – Green-banded White
- Pieris lama Sugiyama, 1996
- Pieris mahometana (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
- Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) – Southern Small White
- Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861 – Margined White
- Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, 1983 – Reichel's Margined White
- Pieris meckyae Eitschberger, 1983 – Mecky’s White
- Pieris melete Ménétriés, 1857 – Gray-veined White Butterfly
- Pieris naganum Moore, 1884 – Naga White
- Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) – Green-veined White or Veined White
- Pieris narina (Verity, 1908)
- Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer, 1909
- Pieris ochsenheimeri (Staudinger, 1886)
- Pieris oleracea Harris, 1829 – Mustard White
- Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861 – Newfoundland White
- Pieris persis (Verity, 1922)
- Pieris pseudorapae (Verity, [1908])
- Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) – Small White or (Small) Cabbage White
- Pieris steinigeri Eitschberger, 1984
- Pieris tadjika Grum-Grshimailo, 1888
- Pieris virginiensis (W.H. Edwards, 1870) – West Virginia White
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
- Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
- James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
- Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
- Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
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Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
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Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016322 |
Shrubs or small trees, (1–)4(–10) m tall. Twigs glabrous or puberulous. Leaves scattered or clustered towards shoot apices; petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate or obovate to lanceolate-oblong, 3–10 × 1–2.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, midvein strongly raised or obscure on both surfaces, secondary and fine veins inconspicuous, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire except for few apical teeth to 1/2 margin or crenulate except near base, apex acuminate. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose; rachis 6–15 cm, puberulous. Pedicel 1.5–6 mm. Calyx lobes triangular-ovate, 3–4 mm. Corolla urceolate, ca. 8 mm; lobes suborbicular. Filaments straight, 2.5–4.5 mm, villous. Ovary subglobose, glabrous; style slightly sunken into apex. Capsule ovoid to depressed-globose, 3–5 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds spindle-shaped, 2–3 mm. Fl. Feb–May, fr. Jul–Oct.
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Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016322 |
Thickets; 800–1200(–1900) m.
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Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016322 |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
mycelium of Phytophthora ramorum infects and damages twig of Pieris japonica
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Pulvinaria floccifera sucks sap of live leaf of Pieris japonica
Foodplant / sap sucker
Stephanitis takeyai sucks sap of chlorotic, bronzed leaf of Pieris japonica
Other: major host/prey
Pieris (/ˈpaɪ.ərɪs/ or /ˈpɪərɪs/[1])[2] is a genus of seven species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae, native to mountain regions of eastern and southern Asia, eastern North America and Cuba. Known commonly as andromedas or fetterbushes, they are broad-leaved evergreen shrubs growing to 1–6 metres (3 ft 3 in–19 ft 8 in) tall and 3–10 ft (0.9–3.0 m) wide. The leaves are spirally arranged, often appearing to be in whorls at the end of each shoot with bare stretches of shoot below; they are lanceolate-ovate, 2–10 cm (0.8–3.9 in) long and 1.0–3.5 cm (0.4–1.4 in) broad, leathery textured, and with an entire or serrated margin. The young leaves in spring are typically brightly coloured. The flowers are bell-shaped, 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) long, white or pink, and arranged in racemes 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) long. The fruit is a woody capsule which splits into five sections to release the numerous small seeds.
Pieris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Engrailed.
The genus name derives from Pieria, a place in Greece, according to Greek mythology the home of the Muses.[1]
Species[edit]
- Pieris cubensis (Grisebach) Small. Western Cuba.
- Pieris floribunda (Pursh ex Simms) Benth. & Hook. – mountain andromeda, mountain pieris, mountain fetterbush. Eastern United States.
- Pieris formosa (Wallich) D.Don – Chinese pieris, Himalayan pieris. The Himalaya, southwestern China (Yunnan), northern Myanmar.
- Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D.Don ex G.Don – Japanese andromeda. Eastern China, Japan, Taiwan.
- Pieris nana (Maxim.) Makino (syn. Arcterica nana). Japan, eastern Siberia.
- Pieris phillyreifolia (Hook.) DC. – climbing fetterbush. Southeastern United States.
- Pieris swinhoei Hemsley - southeastern China (Fujian, Guangdong).
Cultivation[edit]
They are commonly grown as ornamental plants, valued for year-round interest due to bright red new growth in early spring, chains of small, white flowers in mid-spring, and buds that remain on the plant through the winter. Numerous cultivars have been selected for different spring foliage colour. They grow best in a shady spot, sheltered from drying, winter winds. They prefer acid soil, and should be mulched once per year, using a two-inch covering of either peat or composted pine needles. The flowers give the plant one of its alternative names, 'Lily of the Valley shrub'.
Cultivars[edit]
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
Toxicity[edit]
Pieris floribunda (mountain fetterbush) has been noted as highly toxic.[16][17]
References[edit]
- ^ a b http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pieris
- ^ "Pieris". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Blush'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Cavatine'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Debutante'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris 'Firecrest'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris 'Flaming Silver'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris 'Forest Flame'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Mountain Fire'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Pink Delight'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Prelude'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Purity'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Sarabande'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica 'Valley Valentine'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pieris japonica var. forrestii 'Wakehurst'". Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ Pieris japonica North Carolina State University "Poisonous Plants of North Carolina" online reference]
- ^ Pieris floribunda (mountain fetterbush)
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieris_(plant)&oldid=626309827 |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 5
Specimens with Barcodes: 20
Species With Barcodes: 1
Introduction:
The cabbage whites are an almost cosmopolitan group. Pieris rapae is a pest of cole crops.
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Rights holder/Author | Leptree.net, Andrew V. Z. Brower, LepTree |
Source | http://www.leptree.net/lep_taxon_page?id=239&scientificName=Pieris |
Pieris japonica (Japanese andromeda) is a plant in the heather family, Ericaceae. It is native to eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan where it grows in mountain thickets.[2]
It is also widely cultivated in gardens, and parent to the cultivated hybrid Pieris 'Forest Flame'.
Description[edit]
Pieris japonica is a shrub or a small tree (1–4 metres or 3.3–13.1 feet tall, occasionally up to 10 metres) with alternate, simple leaves on brittle stems. The flowers are white and borne in early spring. The plant is poisonous if consumed by people or animals.[3]
The name "andromeda" originated from an earlier genus name for the plant.
References[edit]
- ^ GRIN
- ^ Fang Ruizheng, Peter F. Stevens. "Pieris japonica". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ Smith, M. C. (1978). "Japanese pieris poisoning in the goat". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173 (1): 78–79. PMID 670056. edit
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieris_japonica&oldid=629152721 |