Species
Anas
IUCN
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Bergeenden zitten qua formaat tussen eenden en ganzen in. Van een afstand lijken ze zwart met wit, maar ze hebben juist veel kleuren. De mannetjes en vrouwtjes zien er hetzelfde uit, alleen hebben de mannetjes een knobbel op hun snavel. Ze zorgen ook allebei voor de jongen, daarin lijken ze op ganzen. Bergeenden houden van modder. Wroetend in het slib zoeken ze naar iets te eten, zoals wormen of slakjes die in de bodem leven. In een koude winter, als de wadden bevriezen, sterven veel bergeenden van de honger. Dan kunnen ze daar niet meer bij hun voedsel.
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Rights holder/Author | Ecomare |
Source | http://www.ecomare.nl/index.php?id=3989&L=2 |
Population
Population Trend
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22680024 |
翘鼻麻鸭冬季多结群,常集结成数十只以至数百只的大群,栖息于浅水海湾或广阔的海水浸渍处。迁徙时,也常见于各种淡水湖泊、河流、盐池、盐田等处。山区粘质土壤的宽阔平坦地带较为少见,甚至没有它们的踪迹。这种鸭飞行似雁,健走善游,并能潜水,喜欢栖居咸水湖泊,在附近有沙丘及岩石崩塌而便于它们掘土营巢的地方,尤喜环境安静而又具丰富食料的咸水湖泊,如青海湖、内蒙古的乌梁素海等。在青海湖,5月上旬它们就开始迁来,5月下旬数量大为增多。迁来后就配对。性机警,距人百米处即行起飞。鸣声粗涩(sè色),声似“kao-r kao-r ;雄鸭叫声低沉,略似狗叫声;雌鸭叫的要快些。在福建一带因其叫声似“白、白”,故称它为“白鸭”。又因它有掘土营巢的习惯,故也有“掘穴鸭”之称。
这种鸭生长到第二年才性成熟。交配在水中进行。交配前,雄鸭游在雌鸭身旁,抬头张嘴,发出鸣声去追逐雌鸭,然后进行交配。
在繁殖期间,它们互配成对,直到雏鸭孵出后从不分离。雄鸭也参加育雏工作。在孵卵期中,当雌鸭离巢时,,常以绒羽掩盖卵上。雄鸭常蹲在巢穴附近,待猛禽飞来时,立即发出惊叫,飞快奔入巢穴中。
雁 形 目 57
巢常置于海岸、盐湖边的沙丘或石壁间,有时也利用天然洞穴或狐、兔等的废弃洞穴。洞穴有的可深达4米许。巢呈盘状,以禾本科植物、芨芨草和鸟骨、鱼骨等构成,内衬以雌鸟身上拔下的大量绒羽。巢高8,深6,内径17.5,外径26厘米。
每窝产卵7-12枚。我们在青海湖西山岛上,于1960年6月,日在4米深的土洞中挖出一窝正在孵化中的卵10枚。卵为椭圆形,呈浅黄色。卵重73.6(69-78)克;大小为64.32(62-65.7) X 46.17(45-47.5)毫米。
孵卵期27-29天。第一天的雏鸭重达55克,它们会从巢洞中走出来。亲鸟带它们下水,一般是由雌鸭带领,雄鸭伴随护送。每当雏鸭遇到危险时,亲鸟立即潜人水中,或飞到雏鸟附近,并发出惊叫示警,促使小雏鸭躲避。一个多月后,小雏鸭便长大了。然而其双亲仍和它们一起活动,直到来年初春,方与雏鸟分离,只不过雄鸭比雌鸭离开小鸭的时间要早一些。
雄鸭蚀羽期1)比雌鸭稍早些,先换飞羽,其次才换体羽,最早是从6月开始。当年雏鸭换羽在8-9月间,到第二年3月才换毕。
杂食性。食物随地区而异,包括海水中的不同昆虫、牡蛎、软体动物、海螺狮、沙蚕、小:贝类、小鱼、水蛭、蜗牛、甲壳类等等。在福建沿海,它们还常去蚬田偷吃蚬子,也食植物叶片、种子及藻类等。1963年6月12日在呼伦贝尔盟马纳木旗,我们剖检了2只翘鼻麻鸭的胃,内含苔草(Carex sp.)、种子及杉叶藻(Hippuis vulgaris)等。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 郑作新等,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
Major Threats
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22680024 |
是比较大型的鸭类,但比赤麻鸭略小。体羽大都白色,头和两翅均黑色,自背至胸有栗棕色环带。嘴上翘;繁殖期中雄鸭嘴基具有大形皮质瘤,易于识别。
形态 雄性成鸟:头和上颈黑褐色,上面带着绿色光泽;下颈和上胸白色;上背连至胸的两侧皆为栗棕色,形成一个宽阔的环带;背自栗棕环带以至尾上覆羽均白色,尾羽亦白色,但具有黑端;肩羽黑褐色;翅上覆羽白色,初级飞羽黑褐;次级飞羽的外羽片金属绿色,形成翼镜;三级飞羽的外羽片栗色;胸部的栗棕色环带中间具有一条暗褐纵带,至腹逐渐变宽,直延伸至肛周;尾下覆羽棕白色。
雌性成鸟:羽色较雄鸟略淡。头和颈不具绿色金属光泽;前额有一小白斑点;栗棕色胸环窄而浅淡;胸、腹至肛周的黑褐带,也变成模糊不清的淡褐色;尾下覆羽几成白色。嘴基无皮质肉瘤。
雄性幼鸟(1956年8月1,日采自内蒙古海拉尔):前额、眼先和两颊均白色;头顶及后颈黑色,羽端棕褐色;背和肩羽及两翅的三级飞羽全是暗褐色,而具浅棕色羽端;尾上覆羽白色,尖端暗褐;下体全白色。
虹膜棕褐色或褐色;嘴赤红或紫红;脚肉红或肉粉色,爪黑色。
量衡度:
性别 体重 全长 嘴峰 翅 尾 跗蹠
♂♂ (5) 500-1,300 543-630 57-58 306-335 106-136 50-63
♀♀(7) 620-1,200 520-590 46-50 270--308 9 5-117 44-54
彩 色 羽 毛 的 种 类
1.冠鸭批水:翅上的三级飞羽。
特征:外羽片栗色,内羽片白色,并有暗褐色的先端,白栗分明异常美丽。
2.冠鸭翠:翅上的次级飞羽。
特征:外羽片呈金属绿色,内羽片白色,先端暗褐色。
3.鸭膀子:同绿头鸭。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
这种鸭在我国广泛分布,也是主要狩猎对象之一。肉质常带腥味,不太好吃,但春季较肥,可取大量油脂。羽毛在工艺上也有很高价值(详见附录一)。
沿海的蚬田一带,常于夜间遭受这种麻鸭的危害,可以张网捕捉,控制其为害。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 郑作新等,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
在我国东北西部呼伦贝尔盟呼伦池、北部齐齐哈尔、中部哈尔滨,青海湖,新疆天山为夏候鸟或旅鸟;东北南部和西南部,河北,河南,山东青岛,山西南部,内蒙古中部王源地,甘肃西北部弱水流域,新疆西部,西藏南部为旅鸟;台湾偶见。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 郑作新等,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
The common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) is a waterfowl species shelduck genus Tadorna. It is widespread and common in Eurasia, mainly breeding in temperate and wintering in subtropical regions; in winter, it can also be found in the Maghreb. Its scientific name comes from Celtic roots and means "pied waterfowl", essentially the same as the English "shelduck".[2]
Fossil bones from Dorkovo (Bulgaria) described as Balcanas pliocaenica may actually belong to this species. More likely, they are an extinct species of Tadorna (if not a distinct genus) due to their Early Pliocene age; the present species is not unequivocally attested from the fossil record until some 2–3 million years later (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene).
Description[edit]
The common shelduck resembles a small short-necked goose in size and shape. It is a striking bird, with a reddish-pink bill, pink feet, a white body with chestnut patches and a black belly, and a dark green head and neck. The wing coverts are white, the primary remiges black, and the secondaries green (only showing in flight) and chestnut. The underwings are almost entirely white. Sexes are similar, but the female is smaller, with some white facial markings, while the male is particularly crisply coloured in the breeding season, his bill bright red and bearing a prominent knob at the forehead.
Ducklings are white, with black cap, hindneck and wing and back patches. Juveniles are similarly coloured, greyish above and mostly white below, but already have the adult's wing pattern.
The call is a loud honk.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
This is a bird which breeds in temperate Eurasia. Most populations migrate to subtropical areas in winter, but this species is largely resident in westernmost Europe, apart from movements to favoured moulting grounds, such as the Wadden Sea on the north German coast.
The common shelduck is common around the coastline of Great Britain (where it is simply known as shelduck), where it frequents salt marshes and estuaries. Sightings of this bird are rare in North America and are reported as infrequent visitors to the U.S. and Canada.[3]
Behaviour[edit]
Moulting flocks can be very large (100,000 on the Wadden Sea), since most pairs leave their partially grown young in a crèche with just one or two adults.
This species is mainly associated with lakes and rivers in open country, breeding in rabbit burrows, tree holes, haystacks or similar. In winter it is common on suitable estuaries and tidal mudflats as well.
This bird is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
The young will dive under water to avoid predators and the adults will fly away from them to act as a decoy.
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Adults mating in Lancashire (UK) (male right), note size difference
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Nesting site diorama, Küstenmuseum Juist (Germany)
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Ducklings on Borkum (Germany)
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Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
References[edit]
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Tadorna tadorna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- ^ Kear, Janet (2005). Ducks, Geese, and Swans. Oxford University Press. p. 420. ISBN 0-19-861008-4.
- ^ "NARBA North American Rare Bird Alert". Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. (registration required (help)).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_shelduck&oldid=653819966 |
在国外,繁殖在西伯利亚南部、蒙古、亚洲及欧洲中部;秋冬南迁至日本、朝鲜、中南半岛北部、印度北部、亚洲西南部、欧洲南部及非洲东北隅和西北隅等处越冬。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 郑作新等,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
Palearctic region; winters to Near East, India and Myanmar.
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Rights holder/Author | Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology |
Source | No source database. |