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Huffia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasitic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti et al..[1]
Species in this subgenus infect birds with malaria.
Diagnostic features[edit]
Species in the subgenus Huffia have the following characteristics:
- Mature schizonts, while varying in shape and size, contain plentiful cytoplasm and are commonly found in immature erthryocytes.
- Gametocytes are elongated.
Species in this subgenus[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Corradetti A., Garnham P. C. C. and Laird M. (1963) New classification of the avian malaria parasites. Parassitologia 5, 1–4
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Over 90 species and subspecies of Plasmodium infect lizards. They have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard but only 29 species of snake. Three species - P. pessoai, P. tomodoni and P. wenyoni - infect snakes. These species belong to the subgenera Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Fallisia, Garnia, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium and Sauramoeba.[1] Additionalspecies continue to be described.[2]
Host records[edit]
- P. agamae - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama)
- P. attenuatum - Ameiva ameiva
- P. arachniformis - chameleons
- P. aurulentum - neotropical forest gecko (Thecadactylus rapicaudus)
- P. azurophilum - anole lizards (Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis sabanus)
- P. bailli - Anolis lizards (Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)
- P. basilisci - the strpped basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus)
- P. beebei - the gecko (Gonatodes taniae)
- P. brygooi - short-horned chameleon (Chamaeleo brevicornis)
- P. chiricahuae - fence lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi)
- P. circularis - Australian skink (Egernia stokesii)
- P. cnemaspi - African gecko (Cnemaspis africana)
- P. cnemidophori - Ameiva ameiva
- P. colombiense - Anolis lizard (Anolis auratus)
- P. diploglossi - Anguid lizard (Diploglossus fasciatus)
- P. draconis - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
- P. egerniae - the land mullet (Egernia major)
- P. fairchildi - Anolis lizard (Anolis cupreus)
- P. floridense - anole lizards (Anolis biporcatus, Anolis carolinensis, Anolis frenatus, Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis limifrons, Anolis pentaprion, Anolis sabanus and Anolis sagrei)
- P. giganteum - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama), the African tropical lizard (Agama cyanogaster)[3]
- P. gologoense - chameleons
- P. gracilis - skink (Tribolonotus gracilis)
- P. guyannense - the iguanid lizard (Plica plica)
- P. heischi - skinks (Mabuya striata)[4]
- P. hispaniolae - Anolis lizards
- P. holaspi - African flying lizard (Holaspis guentheri)
- P. iguanae - Iguana iguana iguana
- P. kentropyxi - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
- P. lacertiliae - crocodile skink (Tribolonotus species)
- P. lainsoni - the gecko (Phyllodactylus ventralis)
- P. lepidoptiformis - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
- P. lionatum - the flying gecko (Ptychozoon lionatum)
- P. loveridgei - African gecko (Lygodactylus picturatus)
- P. lygosomae - skink (Lygosoma moco)
- P. mabuiae - African skink (Mabuya quinquetaeiata)
- P. mackerrasae - Australian skinks (Egernia cunninghami, Egernia stokesii and Egernia striolata)
- P. marginatum - Anolis lizard (Anolis frenatus)
- P. mexicanum - fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis)
- P. michikoa - chameleons
- P. minasense - African skink (Mabuya agilis)
- P. minasense anolisi - Anolis lizards (Anolis cybotes, Anolis distichus, Anolis frenatus and Anolis limifrons)
- P. minasense calcaratae - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
- P. minasense capitoi - Anolis lizard (Anolis capito)
- P. minasense carinii - iguanid lizard (Iguana iguana)
- P. minasense diminutivum - dwarf tegu lizard (Ameiva ameiva)
- P. minasense minasense - African skink (Mabuya mabouya)
- P. minasense plicae - olive tree runner lizard (Plica umbra)
- P. minasense tegui - blue tengu lizard (Tupinambis teguixin)
- P. pelaezi - the iguanid lizard (Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus)
- P. pessoai - snakes (Spilotes pullatus and Lachesis muta)
- P. pifanoi - the green ameiva lizard (Ameiva ameiva) and a teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
- P. rhadinurum - Iguana iguana iguana
- P. robinsoni - the Parson's Chameleon (Chamaelo parsoni crucifer)
- P. sasai - Japanese lacertids (Takydromus tachydromoides and Takydromus smaragdinus)
- P. saurocaudatum - the many-lined sun skink (Mabuya multifasciata)
- P. scorzai - the gecko Phyllodactylus ventralis
- P. tanzaniae - chameleons
- P. tomodoni - snakes
- P. tribolonoti - skinks (Tribolonotus gracilis)
- P. tropiduri - iguanid lizard (Tropidurus torquatus), Anolis lizards (Anolis biporcatus,Anolis cybotes, Anolis frenatus, Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus, Anolis pentaprion and Anolis poecilopus), teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
- P. tropiduri aquaticum - Anolis lizards (Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)
- P. tropiduri panamense - Anolis lizard (Anolis biporcatus)
- P. tropiduri tropiduri - Tropidurus hispidus
- P. robinsoni - the red-headed rock agama lizard (Agama agama)
- P. uluguruense - African gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus)
- P. uzungwiense - chameleons
- P. vacuolatum - the rainforest lizard (Plica umbra)
- P. vastator - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
- P. volans - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
- P. wenyoni - snakes
Subspecies[edit]
- P. fairchildi - P. fairchildi fairchildi and P. fairchildi hispaniolae
- P. lygosomae - P. lygosomae nucleoversans and P. lygosomae nucleoversans
- P. minasense - P. minasense anolisi, P. minasense capitoi, P. minasense carinii,
- P. minasense diminutivum, P. minasense minasense, P. minasense plicae, and P. minasense tegui.[6] An additional subspecies P. minasense calcaratae has also been described.[7]
- P. traguli - P. traguli traguli and P. traguli memmina.
- P. tropiduri - P. tropiduri aquaticum, P. tropiduri panamense and P. tropiduri tropiduri.[6]
Vectors[edit]
Compared with those known for the species infecting humans, few vectors are known for these species.
- P. agamae - Lutzomyia or Culicoides species
- Culex fatigans - P. rhadinurum
- Aedes aegypti - P. rhadinurum
Interrelatedness[edit]
- P. floridense is closely related to P. tropiduri and P. minasense
References[edit]
- ^ Schall J.J. (2000) Transmission success of the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum into its vector: role of gametocyte density and sex ratio. Parasitol. 121 (6):575-580
- ^ Perkins S.L., Austin C. (2008) Four new species of Plasmodium from New Guinea lizards: Integrating morphology and molecules. J. Parasitol.
- ^ Southgate B.A. (1970) Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) giganteum in Agama cyanogaster: a new host record. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64(1):12-13
- ^ Garnham P.C., Telford S.R. Jr. (1984) A new malaria parasite Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) heischi in skinks (Mabuya striata) from Nairobi, with a brief discussion of the distribution of malaria parasites in the family Scincidae. J Protozool. 31(4):518-521.
- ^ Telford S.R. (1986) Fallisia parasites (Haemosporidia: Plasmodiidae) from the flying lizard, Draco maculatus (Agamidae) in Thailand. J. Parasitol. 72(5):766-769
- ^ a b Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to Plasmodium minasense. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(4):409-422
- ^ Telford S.R. Jr., Telford S.R. 3rd. (2003) Rediscovery and redescription of Plasmodium pifanoi and description of two additional Plasmodium parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J. Parasitol. 89(2):362-368
There are Plasmodium species infecting mammals other than primates. The subgenus Vinckeia of Plasmodium was created by Cyril Garnham to accommodate the mammalian parasites other than those infecting primates. Species infecting lemurs have also been included in this subgenus.
P. aegyptensis, P. bergei, P. chabaudi, P. inopinatum, P. yoelli and P. vinckei infect rodents. P. bergei, P. chabaudi, P. yoelli and P. vinckei have been used to study malarial infections in the laboratory. Other members of this subgenus infect other mammalian hosts.
Host records[edit]
- P. aegyptensis - Egyptian grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)[1]
- P. anomaluri - African flying squirrel (Anomalurus species)
- P. atheruri - African porcupine (Atherurus africanus), large vesper mouse (Calomys callosus) and Meriones unguiculatus
- P. berghei - the thicket rat (Grammomys surdaster)
- P. booliati - Malayan giant flying squirrel[2]
- P. brodeni - elephant shrews (Petrodomus teradactylus)
- P. bubalis - water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
- P. caprae - domestic goat (Capra hircus)
- P. cephalophi - the antelope (Cephalophus grimmi) and the grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)[3]
- P. cyclopsi - the bat (Hipposideros cyclops)[4]
- P. incertae - flying squirrel
- P. landauae - African flying squirrel (Anomalurus species)
- P. odocoilei - white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
- P. pulmophilium - African flying squirrel (Anomalurus species)
- P. sandoshami - the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus)
- P. traguli - the mouse deer
- P. tyrio - the anteater (Manus pentadactyla)
- P. voltaicum - the fruit bat (Roussettus smithi)
- P. watteni - Formosan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista grandis)[5]
Subspecies[edit]
- P. berghei - P. berghei yoelii
- P. chabaudi - P. chabaudi adami and P. chabaudi chabaudi
- P. melanipherum - P. melanipherum monosoma
- P. vinkei - P. vinckei brucechwatti, P. vinckei petteri and P. vinckei vinckei.
- P. yoellii - P. yoelli nigeriensis and P. yoelli yoelli.
Less well documented species[edit]
The species listed here from taken from Courtney and Roudabush[6] should be regarded as dubious at least until such time as additional confirmation can be established.
P. achromaticum - the bat (Achromaticatus vesperuginis)
P. brodini - the jumping rat (Petrodromus tetradactylus)
P. melanipherum - Schreiber's bat (Miniopterus schreibersi)
P. melanipherum monosoma - the bat (Vesperugo abramus)
P. murinum - the bat (Vespertilio murinus)
Vectors[edit]
- Anopheles stephensi - P. atheruri, P berghei, P. chabaudi, P. yoelii
References[edit]
- ^ Abd-el-Aziz GA, Landau I, and Miltgen F. (1975) Description of Plasmodium aegyptensis n. sp., presumed parasite of the Muridae Arvicanthis noloticus in Upper Egypt. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 50(4):419-424.
- ^ Sandosham A.A., Yap L.F., Omar I. (1965) A malaria parasite, Plasmodium (Vinckeia) booliati sp. nov., from a Malayan giant flying squirrel. Med. J. Malaya. 20(1):3-7
- ^ Keymer IF. (1966) Studies on Plasmodium (Vinckeia) cephalophi of the grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 60(2):129-138
- ^ Landau I, and Chabaud AG (1978) Description of P. cyclopsi n. sp. a parasite of the microchiropteran bat Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 53(3):247-253.
- ^ Lien J.C., Cross J.H. (1968) Plasmodium (Vinckeia) watteni sp. n. from the Formosan giant flying squirrel, Petaurista petaurista grandis. J. Parasitol. 54(6):1171-1174
- ^ Coatney G.R., Roudabush R. L. (1936) A catalog and host-index of the genus Plasmodium. J. Parasitol. 22 (4) 338-353
Notes[edit]
- Calomys callosus seems unlikely to be a natural host for P. atheruri as P. atheruri is found in Africa and Calomys callosus in South America.
There are more than 150 named species of Plasmodium that infect various species of vertebrates. Four species are well known as true parasites of humans, utilizing humans almost exclusively as a natural intermediate host in which they cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. In recent years it has become apparent that the simian malaria parasite P. knowlesi also regularly infects humans, as well as its natural monkey intermediate hosts. (Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website) Furthermore, it is now apparent that there are likely two distinct Plasmodium species that have both been referred to as P. ovale (Sutherland et al. 2010; Oguike et al. 2011).
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Laverania is a subgenus of the Plasmodium genus of parasitic protozoa. Infection with these protozoans results in malaria. The subgenus was created in 1958 by Bray.[1]
The name was first proposed by Welch in 1897 as a genus name for the group now known as Plasmodium but for a variety of reasons the genus name Plasmodium was preferred.
History[edit]
The first non human primate parasites were described by Eduard Reichenow in Cameroon in 1920. He observed in 1917 three morphologically distinct Plasmodium parasites in the blood of chimpanzees and gorillas.[2] These finding were later confirmed by other workers.[3][4] One species closely resembled P. falciparum and was thought to be the same species. This species was later renamed P. reichenowi.[5]
The other two species — P. rhodaini and P. schwetzi — have since been placed in the subgenus Plasmodium.
The noticeable differences between P. falciparum and the other known Plasmodium species led to the proposal that it be placed in a separate genus Laverania.[1] This suggestion was not accepted but the proposed name is now used as the subgenus.
Species in this subgenus[edit]
It has been proposed to rename P. gora and P. gorb as Plasmodium adleri and Plasmodium blacklocki respectively.[6] It has also been proposed that P. billbrayi be considered a junior synonym of P. gaboni.[6]
- Plasmodium billcollinsi
- Plasmodium billbrayi
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium gaboni
- Plasmodium gora
- Plasmodium gorb
- Plasmodium reichenowi
References[edit]
- ^ a b Bray R.S. (1958). "Studies on malaria in chimpanzees. VI. Laverania falciparum". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 7 (1): 20–24.
- ^ Reichenow E. (1920). "Über das Vorkommen der Malariaparasiten des Menschen bei den Afrikanischen Menschenaffen". Centralbl. f. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 85: 207–221.
- ^ Blacklock B., Adler S. (1922). "A parasite resembling Plasmodium falciparum in a chimpanzee". Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. XVI: 99–107.
- ^ Adler, S. (1923). "Malaria in chimpanzees in Sierra Leone". Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 17: 13–19.
- ^ Coatney, G.R.; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1971). The primate malarias. U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
- ^ a b Rayner JC, Liu W, Peeters M, Sharp PM, Hahn BH (May 2011). "A plethora of Plasmodium species in wild apes: a source of human infection?". Trends Parasitol. 27 (5): 222–9. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.006. PMC 3087880. PMID 21354860.
"Plasmodium (Laverania)". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 418107.
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Organisms that belong to the genus Plasmodium are obligate eukaryotic parasites, best known as the etiological agent of human malaria. There are four parasites that infect humans and cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Although Plasmodium parasites infect a variety of vertebrate hosts (including primates, rodents, ungulates, birds, and lizards), they rarely cause severe disease in any vertebrate hosts other than humans. The most virulent of human parasites, P. falciparum and P. vivax (White, 2003), cause 300-500 million cases of debilitating or fatal disease worldwide.
Our understanding of the evolution and systematics of malaria parasites has changed significantly over the past 20 years with recent work (Perkins and Schall, 2002; Martinsen et al., 2008) indicating that the genus Plasmodium may not to be monophyletic, and includes parasites of other genera including Hepatocystis.
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Haemamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium — all of which are parasitic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1963 by created by Corradetti et al..[1]Species in this subgenus infect birds.
Diagnostic features[edit]
Species in the subgenus Haemamoeba have the following characteristics:
Mature schizonts are larger than the host cell nucleus and commonly displace it.
Gametocytes are large, round, oval or irregular in shape and are substantially larger than the host nucleus.
Species in this subgenus[edit]
- Plasmodium cathemerium
- Plasmodium coggeshalli
- Plasmodium elongatum
- Plasmodium gallinaceum
- Plasmodium giovannolai
- Plasmodium lutzi
- Plasmodium matutinum
- Plasmodium paddae
- Plasmodium parvulum
- Plasmodium relictum
- Plasmodium tejerai
References[edit]
- ^ Corradetti A., Garnham P.C.C., Laird M. (1963). "New classification of the avian malaria parasites". Parassitologia 5: 1–4.
- "Plasmodium (Haemamoeba)". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 418104.
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Plasmodium parasites have an elaborate life-cyle with multiple stages:
- Infective stage, when the parasite enters the vertebrate host with a vector bite. This life stage is known as sporozoite.
- Exoerythrocytic stage, in which the sporozoite undergoes multiple rounds of asexual divisions (merogony or schizongony) and matures into merozoites.
- Erythrocytic stages, during which the organisms enter red blood cells (as merozoites), transform into the feeding stages (trophozoites), and then divide asexually into multiple new merozoites (schizont stage). During the schizont stage, some parasites differentiate into the reproductive forms (gametocytes) rather than the invasive merozoites. Gametocytes are classified as microgametocytes (that will become male gametes) and macrogametocytes (that will become female gametes). The gametocytes must mature through five stages before they become infective to the mosquito.
- Reproductive stages, these begin when the vector takes a blood meal from the vertebrate host that contains mature gametocytes. In the vector the gametocytes transform into male and female gametes and merge to become a zygote (the only diploid stage in the organism's life-cycle). The zygote becomes an ookinate which invades the tissues of the vector midgut to become an oocyst. When the oocyst ruptures thousands of sporozoites emerge and travel to the vector's salivary glands, as it is through the saliva that they will enter the next vertebrate host.
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Carinamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. [1]Species in this subgenus infect reptiles.
Diagnostic features[edit]
The original criterion for inclusion in this genus was the presence of small schizonts giving rise to 8 or less merozoites. The criteria were subsequently revised by Telford in 1988. [2]
Species in the subgenus Carinamoeba have the following characteristics:
Small schizonts giving rise to 8 or less merozoites
The gametocytes like the schizonts are small.
Species in this subgenus[edit]
- Plasmodium basilisci
- Plasmodium clelandi
- Plasmodium lygosomae
- Plasmodium mabuiae
- Plasmodium minasense
- Plasmodium pifanoi
- Plasmodium rhadinurum
- Plasmodium volans
References[edit]
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Parasite | Host | Geographic Distribution |
---|---|---|
Plasmodium reichenowi | Chimapanzee | Africa |
Plasmodium falciparum | Human | Africa, Asia, South/Central America |
Plasmodium fieldi | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium simiovale | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium hylobati | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium inui | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium knowlesi | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium coatneyi | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium simium | Spider Monkey | South America |
Plasmodium vivax | Human | Africa, Asia, South/Central America |
Plasmodium cynomolgi | Macaque | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium gonderi | Madrill | Africa |
Plasmodium malariae | Human | Africa, Asia, South/Central America |
Plasmodium brasilianum | Spider/Howler/Night Monkey | South America |
Plasmodium ovale | Human | Africa |
Hepatocystis sp. | Bat/Primate | Africa, Asia |
Plasmodium atheruri | Rodent | Africa |
Plasmodium vinkei | Rodent | Africa |
Plasmodium chabaudi | Rodent | Africa |
Plasmodium berghei | Rodent | Africa |
Plasmodium yoelii | Rodent | Africa |
Plasmodium mexicanum | Lizard | North America |
Plasmodium chiricahuae | Lizard | North America |
Plasmodium elongatum | Bird | Worldwide |
Plasmodium gallinaceum | Bird | Southeast Asia |
Plasmodium relictum | Bird | Worldwide |
Plasmodium floridense | Lizard | Carribbean/Central America |
Plasmodium azurophilum | Lizard | Carribbean/Central America |
Plasmodium faichildi | Lizard | Central America |
Plasmodium agamae | Lizard | Africa |
Plasmodium gigantum |
Lizard | Africa |
Plasmodium mackerassae | Lizard | Australia |
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