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Species
Typha angustifolia L.
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Cattails are herbaceous, colonial, rhizomatous, perennial plants with long, slender, green stalks topped with brown, fluffy, sausage-shaped flowering heads. Typha angustifolia plants are 15-30 dm tall. The spike-like, terminal, cylindric inflorescence has staminate flowers above and pistillate flowers below. The naked axis between the staminate and pistillate flowers is generally 1-8 cm. The spike is medium to dark brown. The basal leaves are thin with parallel veins running their long, narrow length. The leaves are 4-12 mm wide when fresh, 3-8 mm wide when dry.
Typha angustifolia generally occurs in deeper water than Typha latifolia. Typha angustifolia has fewer and larger rhizomes, resulting in a low rate of cloning but enabling it to grow in deeper water than Typha latifolia. Typha angustifolia has a higher allocation to sexual reproduction. Cattailsspread both vegetatively and by seed, particularly under drawdown conditions.
Typha angustifolia L., (also lesser bulrush,[3] narrowleaf cattail or lesser reedmace), is a perennial herbaceous plant of genus Typha. This cattail is an "obligate wetland" species that is commonly found in the northern hemisphere in brackish locations.[4] The plant's leaves are flat, very narrow (¼"-½" wide), and 3'-6' tall when mature; 12-16 leaves arise from each vegetative shoot. At maturity, they have distinctive stalks that are about as tall as the leaves; the stalks are topped with brown, fluffy, sausage-shaped flowering heads. The plants have sturdy, rhizomatous roots that can extend 27" and are typically ¾"-1½" in diameter.[5][6]
It has been proposed that the species was introduced from Europe to North America.[7] In North America, it is also thought to have been introduced from coastal to inland locations.[8]
The geographic range of Typha angustifolia overlaps with the very similar species Typha latifolia (broadleaf or common cattail). T. angustifolia can be distinguished from T. latifolia by its narrower leaves and by a clear separation of two different regions (staminate flowers above and pistilate flowers below) on the flowering heads.[5] The species hybridize as Typha x glauca (Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia) (white cattail); Typha x glauca is not a distinct species, but is rather a sterile F1 hybrid.[9] Broadleaf cattail is usually found in shallower water than narrowleaf cattail.[citation needed]
Culinary use[edit]
Several parts of the plant are edible, including during various seasons the dormant sprouts on roots and bases of leaves, the inner core of the stalk, green bloom spikes, ripe pollen, and starchy roots.[10][11] The edible stem is called bồn bồn in Vietnam.photo
References[edit]
- ^ Tropicos Typha angustifolia
- ^ The Plant List Typha angustifolia
- ^ "BSBI List 2007" (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ "Typha angustifolia - narrow leaf cattail". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ a b Rook, Earl J. S. (February 26, 2004). "Typha angustifolia: Narrow Leaf Cattail". Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile for Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail)". U. S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Stuckey, R. L.; Salamon, D. P. (1987). "Typha angustifolia in North America: masquerading as a native". Am. J. Bot. 74: 757.
- ^ Mills, Edward L.; Leach, Joseph H.; Carlton, James T.; Secor, Carol L. (1993). "Exotic Species in the Great Lakes: A History of Biotic Crises and Anthropogenic Introductions". Journal of Great Lakes Research 19 (1): 1–54. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71197-1. Retrieved 2013-10-21. The distributional history of the narrow-leaved cattail, a brackish water species native to the Atlantic coast, is debatable. The plant is thought to have invaded inland slowly with the early canal, railroad, and highway systems. It began a rapid inland expansion in through Central New York in the first half of the 20th Century when the de-icing of highways using salt became more widespread. The link is to a preprint of the published article; see p. 46.
- ^ Selbo, Sarena M.; Snow, Allison A. (2004). "The potential for hybridization between Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia in a constructed wetland". Aquatic Botany 78 (4): 361–369. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.01.003. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
- ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9.
- ^ "Typha angustifolia - Small reed mace". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typha_angustifolia&oldid=645281693 |
More info on this topic.
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
14 Great Plains
Often somewhat brackish or subsaline water or wet soil; 0--1900m.
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Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024679 |
More info for the term: graminoid
Graminoid
Please check the Vendor Database, expected to be on-line through the PLANTS Web site in 2001 by clicking on Plant Materials. This species is readily available for native plant nurseries specializing in wetland plants.
B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., [Mont.], Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W. Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024679 |
Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 1 - 1
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
License | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Ocean Biogeographic Information System |
Source | http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=789633 |
ÁFRICA, ÁSIA TEMPERADA, EUROPA, AMÉRICA DO NORTE
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | CPQBA/UNICAMP, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
Heavy grazing will eliminate Typha species, as well as other native species, from riparian corridors. However, cattails are fairly resistant to moderate grazing, providing wet soils are not compacted.
Because cattails have relatively little value for ducks, they are often regarded as undesirable weeds in places intended primarily for ducks. It has been found that mowing cattails after the heads are well–formed, but not mature, then following up with another mowing about a month later (when new growth is two or three feet high) will kill at least 75% of the plants. This will enable other emergent vegetation with more palatable and nutritious seeds to become established.
Environmental Concerns: Ecologically, cattails tend to invade native plant communities when hydrology, salinity, or fertility change. In this case, they out-compete native species, often becoming monotypic stands of dense cattails. Maintaining water flows into the wetland, reducing nutrient input, and maintaining salinity in tidal marshes will help maintain desirable species composition. If cattails begin to invade, physical removal may be necessary.
Over the past century, we have dramatically increased the range of this species and have brought T. angustifolia and T. latifolia together with the production of the hybrid T. glauca. This taxon is extremely aggressive and will out-compete either parent. The methods of control include clipping and floocing >12 inches, herbicides, and hydrology management (Melvin 2000). Please contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA, NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.