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Species
Gossypium barbadense L.
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EOL Text
Holotype for Gossypium auritum O.F. Cook & J.W. Hubb.
Catalog Number: US 1282037
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): O. F. Cook & J. W. Hubbard
Year Collected: 1926
Locality: Esmeraldas, Ecuador, South America
- Holotype: Cook, O. F. & Hubbard, J. W. 1926. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16: 551.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2122320 |
Holotype for Gossypium auritum O.F. Cook & J.W. Hubb.
Catalog Number: US 1282038
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): O. F. Cook & J. W. Hubbard
Year Collected: 1926
Locality: Esmeraldas, Ecuador, South America
- Holotype: Cook, O. F. & Hubbard, J. W. 1926. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16: 551.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2122319 |
Pressed cotton cake contains gossypol, which is used clinically, e.g., in China, as a male antifertility agent (contraceptive). Gossypol is a toxic polyphenolic bisesquiterpene which may have antifertility and antiviral properties.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 14
Specimens with Barcodes: 14
Species With Barcodes: 1
Whole plant: Plant is boiled and the water drunk as an analgesic, by the Guyana Patamona. Leaf: Leaves are boiled and the water used as an anti-pyretic and for herbal baths, by the Guyana Patamona. Leaf and Flower: Leaves and flowers are boiled, an the water drunk as an anti-bacterial, by the Guyana Patamona. Macerated flowers and leaves are boiled, and the water drunk as a treatment for liver disorders, by the Guyana Patamona. Fruit: Juice from warmed, young fruits is used as drops for ear infections and earache, by the Guyana Patamona.
Root: Bark used for difficult or irregular menstruation; in a tea for vomiting. Pulverised roots used for an abortifacient. Stem and Leaf: Has the effect of a Secale histamine. Stem: Stem-bark used in a preparation to strengthen the womb. Leaf: Macerated in oil as a cataplasm to soothe an overheated person; in a remedy which is wrapped in Ischnosiphon arouma leaf to expel microfilarial worms. Infusion of leaf-juice for skin rash, children's cramps, and to alleviate urine retention. Leaves of red cotton boiled for treating high blood pressure, abdominal cramps and pain; menstrual problems, painful ovaries, difficult expulsion of afterbirth. Juice from macerated leaves is used as an anti-pruritic, by the Guyana Patamona. Juice from macerated leaves is warmed and used as a medicament for “bush yaws”, by the Guyana Patamona. Fruit: Warmed over an open fire and the liquid dropped into the ear to remedy earache. Flower: Flower buds are used as an auricular analgesic by the French Guiana Wayapi. Seed: Seeds are crushed, and the juice given to babies as a treatment for thrush, by the Guyana Patamona. Cotton fibers are used for a tampon on wounds; infusion for pectoral. Used to treat diarrhea, as laxative, and for thrush in NW Guyana.
from Barbados, W Indies
Gossypium barbadense, also known as extra long staple (ELS) cotton[1] as it generally has a staple of at least 1 3/8" or longer,[2] is a species of cotton plant. Varieties of ELS cotton include American Pima, Egyptian Giza, Indian Suvin, Chinese Xinjiang, Sudanese Barakat, and Russian Tonkovoloknistyi.[2] It is a tropical, frost-sensitive perennial plant that produces yellow flowers and has black seeds. It grows as a small, bushy tree and yields cotton with unusually long, silky fibers. To grow, it requires full sun and high humidity and rainfall.
This plant contains the chemical gossypol, which reduces its susceptibility to insect and fungal damage. In Suriname’s traditional medicine, the leaves of G. barbadense are used to treat hypertension and delayed/irregular menstruation.[3]
Contents
History[edit]
The name Pima was applied in honor of the Pima Indians, who helped raise the cotton on USDA experimental farms in Arizona in the early 1900s.[4] The first clear sign of domestication of this cotton species comes the Early Valdivia phase site of Real Alto on the coast of Ecuador (4400 BC) and from Ancon, a site on the Peruvian coast, where cotton bolls dating to 4200 BC were found. By 1000 BC, Peruvian cotton bolls were indistinguishable from modern cultivars of G. barbadense. Cotton growing became widespread in South America and spread to the West Indies, where Christopher Columbus encountered it. Cotton became a commercial plantation crop tended by slaves in the West Indies, so that by the 1650s, Barbados had become the first British West Indies colony to export cotton.[5]
Sea Island cotton[edit]
In about 1786, planting of Sea Island cotton began in the former British North American colonies, on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia, when cotton planters were brought over from Barbados.[6] Among the earliest planters of Sea Island cotton in America was an Englishman, Francis Levett, who later fled his Georgia plantation at the outbreak of the American Revolution and went to the Bahamas, where he attempted to introduce cotton production, but failed. Sea Island cotton commanded the highest price of all the cottons, due to its long staple (1.5 to 2.5 inches, 35 to 60 mm) and its silky texture; it was used for the finest cotton counts and often mixed with silk. It was also grown on the uplands of Georgia, where the quality was inferior,[6] and was soon surpassed in commercial production by another native American species, upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), which today represents about 95% of U.S. production.
Egyptian cotton[edit]
The term Egyptian cotton is usually applied to the extra long staple cotton produced in Egypt[citation needed] and used by luxury and upmarket brands worldwide. It also has the most upper thread count.
United States agricultural policy[edit]
American Pima accounts for less than 5% of U.S. cotton production. It is grown chiefly in California, with small acreages in West Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.[4]
For purposes of federal support, the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 101-171, Sec. 1001) defined ELS cotton.
ELS cotton, like upland cotton, is eligible for marketing assistance loans and loan deficiency payments (LDPs). The national loan rate for ELS cotton under the 2002 farm bill was $0.7977 per pound. ELS cotton, in contrast to upland cotton, does not qualify for direct payments or counter-cyclical payments.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ "7 USC 7202 – Sec. 7202. Definitions". vLex. Retrieved November 20, 2011. "The term "extra long staple cotton" means cotton [...] that is produced from pure strain varieties of the Barbadense species or any hybrid thereof, or other similar types of extra long staple cotton."
- ^ a b Goggin, Brian (December 1991). "Extra-long staple cotton report – production and export statistics for marketing year 1989/90-1991/92 including USSR, Egypt, Israel, Peru and Sudan; U.S. pima cotton production and export statistics". U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service report. Retrieved November 20, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)". Smithsonian – Department of Botany. p. 183. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c Womach, Jasper (ed.). "Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition, Order Code 97-905". Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- ^ Sauer, J.D. (1993). Historical Geography of Crop Plants: a Select Roster. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8901-1.
- ^ a b Ecroyd, S., ed. (1910). Cotton Year Book 1910. The Textile Mercury. pp. 12–13.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossypium_barbadense&oldid=626769440 |
Isotype for Gossypium quinacre O.F. Cook & J.W. Hubb.
Catalog Number: US 2250247
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): O. F. Cook & J. W. Hubbard
Year Collected: 1926
Locality: Bahia de Caraquez., Manabí, Ecuador, South America
- Isotype: Cook, O. F. & Hubbard, J. W. 1926. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16: 548.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=10086037 |