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Species
Linaria vulgaris (P. Miller)
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the term: cover
SAF COVER TYPES [22]:
1 Jack pine
14 Northern pin oak
16 Aspen
38 Tamarack
40 Post oak-blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
63 Cottonwood
95 Black willow
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
203 Balsam poplar
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
222 Black cottonwood-willow
233 Oregon white oak
235 Cottonwood-willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak-foothills pine
More info for the term: forb
Forb
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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term: bog
KUCHLER [53] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak-juniper woodland
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalo grass
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K100 Oak-hickory forest
K101 Elm-ash forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
More info on this topic.
More info for the terms: capsule, formation, phenology
Toadflax phenology can be variable, as it is dependent on environmental conditions.
In early autumn, 1st-year Dalmatian toadflax plants often produce prostrate stems, forming a mat-like rosette that survives into the following spring. This "rosette stage" is important for carbohydrate storage. The following spring, floral stems grow from the prostrate stems. This sequence also occurs to a lesser degree in mature plants [88]. With the exception of these prostrate stems, top-growth dies back in the fall and is regenerated from the root system each spring [57].
Toadflax seedlings emerge both in spring and fall [87,95,114]. Dalmatian toadflax seedlings emerging in spring appear to have a higher survival rate than those emerging in fall [87,114]. In eastern Washington, Dalmatian toadflax emerges on south-facing slopes during the 1st or 2nd week in March through the 3rd week in April. Emergence on level ground occurs 2 to 3 weeks later, coinciding with soil temperatures of 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C) at a depth of 1 inch (2.5 cm) [57,87]. Yellow toadflax seedling emergence begins in early to mid-May in Alberta [69], and earlier in warmer regions.
In northern Germany (also relevant to phenology in Canada), yellow toadflax vegetative shoots usually emerge in early to mid-April, when soil temperatures reach 42 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (5-10 °C), and possibly in mid- to late March in warmer regions of the U.S. [57,95]. Dalmatian toadflax plants observed in eastern Washington fields developed floral stems only after a winter's dormancy and exposure to temperatures below 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 °C). Floral stems emerge a few days later than seedlings in the spring [88]. Weak floral stems and some seed can be produced by 1st-year seedlings [87].
Flowering of Dalmatian toadflax begins in May or June and continues until August or October, but can occur earlier in warm seasons or warm habitats [11,57,87]. When flowering stems of yellow toadflax are 16 to 24 inches (40-60 cm) tall, branching begins, which signals the beginning of flower bud formation [57,95]. In northern Germany, yellow toadflax flower buds occur at the end of June, flowering begins mid-July, and the peak of flowering is at the end of July. On warm sites in Canada, flowering may begin in mid-June [95].
The following table provides some flowering dates for Dalmatian toadflax by geographic area:
Area | Flowering dates | References |
Great Plains | July to August | [31] |
Illinois | June to September | [66] |
Intermountain area | July to August | [14] |
New Mexico | May to September | [62] |
northeastern U.S. | July, August | [28] |
The following table provides some flowering dates for yellow toadflax by geographic area:
Area | Flowering dates | References |
Blue Ridge (NC, SC, TN, VA) | June to September | [122] |
Carolinas | June to August | [79] |
Great Plains | June to August | [31] |
Illinois | May to November | [66] |
Intermountain area | June to August | [14] |
Nevada | June to September | [48] |
New Mexico | July to September | [62] |
northeastern U.S. | May to September | [28] |
north-central Texas | May | [19] |
West Virginia | June to October | [104] |
Dalmatian toadflax seed production begins in late June or early July and continues until September or early October in northern climates. Toadflax seed dispersal may begin on lower portions of the stem while flower buds are still forming on upper portions. Dalmatian toadflax seed dispersal begins as early as July in northern climates and continues into winter [88]. In a greenhouse study in Washington, most seeds were produced between late July and early September, and about 97% of seeds were produced in the first 5 weeks of production [87]. Yellow toadflax seed dispersal begins in August or September in northern climates and continues into winter [12,69,95]. In a study in Alberta, yellow toadflax capsules were formed and open by early August, when stem height was up to 3.3 feet (1 m), and seed shed started 2 weeks later. The majority of seed was shed between late September and October [69].
Yellow toadflax ramets die at freezing temperatures but the stronger stems, including some fruit capsules, may remain erect. Some seeds may remain in the fruit capsule until strong winds occur or until the stem falls over [95]. Dried floral stalks can remain standing for 2 years, retaining some seeds but dispersing most during the 1st year [88].
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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
ECOSYSTEMS [27]:
FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
Perennials, 20-80 cm tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Stems erect, often apically branched. Leaves usually numerous and alternate, rarely basal ones whorled, rarely all in whorls of 4; leaf blade linear, 2-8 X 0.2-1.5 cm, veins 1(-3). Inflorescences racemose, flowers crowded, axis elongating in fruit; axis and pedicels glabrous to densely with short glandular hairs; bracts linear to narrowly lanceolate, longer than pedicel. Pedicel 2-8 mm. Calyx glabrous or inside sparsely glandular hairy; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Corolla yellow, 1-1.5 cm (excluding spur); spur 1-1.5 cm, slightly curved; lateral lower lip lobes ovate-orbicular, 3-4 mm wide, middle lobe ligular; upper lip longer than lower lip, lobes ca. 2 mm, ovate. Capsule ovoid-globose. Seeds disclike, margin broadly winged, center verrucose when mature. Fl. Jun-Sep.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020709 |
Mountain slopes, trailsides, meadows, gravelly steppes, forests; below 2200 m.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020709 |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 9
Specimens with Barcodes: 26
Species With Barcodes: 1
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Linaria+vulgaris |