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Species
Helianthus tuberosus L.
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EOL Text
Helianthus tuberosus is variable, probably in part stemming from hybridization with other polyploids, including H. pauciflorus, H. resinosus, and H. strumosus. Helianthus tuberosus is so widely spread as a weedy species that its original distribution is difficult to discern. It has been used as a food plant for its tubers by native Americans (although not necessarily domesticated or even cultivated); it has been developed as a crop primarily in Europe, where it has become widely naturalized. The common name Jerusalem artichoke is a misnomer, as explained by C. B. Heiser (1976).
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Known Pests: "VERY FEW"
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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, immersed, then exposed, black pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodina helianthi is saprobic on dead stem of Helianthus tuberosus
Remarks: season: 1-4
Foodplant / miner
larva of Trypeta zoe mines leaf of Helianthus tuberosus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), also called sunroot, sunchoke, earth apple or topinambour, is a species of sunflower native to eastern North America, and found from eastern Canada and Maine west to North Dakota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[1] It is also cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable.[2]
Contents
Description[edit]
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.5–3 m (4 ft 11 in–9 ft 10 in) tall with opposite leaves on the upper part of the stem but alternate below.[3] The leaves have a rough, hairy texture and the larger leaves on the lower stem are broad ovoid-acute and can be up to 30 cm (12 in) long, and the higher leaves smaller and narrower.
The flowers are yellow and produced in capitate flowerheads, which are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in diameter, with 10–20 ray florets.
The tubers are elongated and uneven, typically 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) long and 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) thick, and vaguely resembling ginger root in appearance, with a crisp texture when raw. They vary in colour from pale brown to white, red, or purple.[2][4]
The artichoke contains about 10% protein, no oil, and a surprising lack of starch. However, it is rich in the carbohydrate inulin (76%), which is a polymer of the monosaccharide fructose. Tubers stored for any length of time will convert their inulin into its component fructose. Jerusalem artichokes have an underlying sweet taste because of the fructose, which is about one and a half times sweeter than sucrose.[5]
Jerusalem artichokes have also been promoted as a healthy choice for type 2 diabetics, because fructose is better tolerated by people who are type 2 diabetic. It has also been reported as a folk remedy for diabetes.[5] Temperature variances have been shown to affect the amount of inulin the Jerusalem artichoke can produce. When not in tropical regions, it has been shown to make less inulin than when it is in a warmer region.[6]
Etymology[edit]
Despite its name, the Jerusalem artichoke has no relation to Jerusalem, and it is not a type of artichoke, though both are members of the daisy family. The origin of the name is uncertain. Italian settlers in the USA called the plant girasole, the Italian word for sunflower, because of its resemblance to the garden sunflower (note: both the sunflower and the sunchoke are part of the same genus: Helianthus). Over time, the name girasole may have been changed to Jerusalem.[7] The English later corrupted girasole artichoke (meaning, “sunflower artichoke”) to Jerusalem artichoke. Another explanation for the name is that the Pilgrims, when they came to the New World, named the plant with regard to the “New Jerusalem” they believed they were creating in the wilderness.[5] There have also been various other names applied to the plant, such as the French or Canada potato, topinambour, and lambchoke. Sunchoke, a name by which it is still known today, was invented in the 1960s by Frieda Caplan, a produce wholesaler who was trying to revive the plant’s appeal.[5]
The artichoke part of the Jerusalem artichoke's name comes from the taste of its edible tuber. Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer, sent the first samples of the plant to France, noting its taste was similar to an artichoke.[citation needed]
Handbuch des speziellen Gemüsebaus attributes the name "topinambur" to a 17th-century coincidence at the Vatican (in 1615) when a sample of the tuber from Canada was on display, as having helped French Canadian settlers to survive the Winter; at the same time a member of the Brazilian coastal tribe, the Tupinambá, was also visiting. The New World connection evidently resulted in the name for Jerusalem artichoke now used in French, German, Italian, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Jerusalem artichokes were first cultivated by the Native Americans long before the arrival of the Europeans; this extensive cultivation obscures the exact native range of the species.[1] The French explorer Samuel de Champlain found domestically grown plants at Cape Cod in 1605. He then brought the plant back with him to France. By the mid-1600s, the Jerusalem artichoke had become a very common vegetable for human consumption in Europe and the Americas and was also used for livestock feed in Europe and colonial America.[5] The French in particular were especially fond of the vegetable, which reached its peak popularity at the turn of the 19th century.[5] The Jerusalem artichoke was titled 'best soup vegetable' in the 2002 Nice Festival for the Heritage of the French Cuisine.
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Unlike most tubers, but in common with many other members of the Asteraceae (including the artichoke), the tubers store the carbohydrate inulin (not to be confused with insulin) instead of starch. For this reason, Jerusalem artichoke tubers are an important source of inulin used as a dietary fiber in food manufacturing.[8]
Crop yields are high, typically 16–20 tonnes/ha for tubers, and 18–28 tonnes/ha green weight for foliage. Jerusalem artichoke also has potential for production of ethanol fuel, using inulin-adapted strains of yeast for fermentation.[2]
Jerusalem artichokes are easy to cultivate, which tempts gardeners to simply leave them completely alone to grow. However, the quality of the edible tubers degrades unless the plants are dug up and replanted in fertile soil. This can be a chore, as even a small piece of tuber will grow if left in the ground, making the hardy plant a potential weed. In fact, the plant can ruin gardens by smothering or overshadowing nearby plants and can overtake huge areas if left untamed. Commercial fields growing sunchoke which then change to other vegetables or crops often must be treated with glyphosate to stop the spread of the sunchokes. Each sunchoke root can make an additional 75 to as many as 200 tubers by fall end.
The tubers are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes:[9] they have a similar consistency, and in their raw form have a similar texture, but a sweeter, nuttier flavor; raw and sliced thinly, they are fit for a salad. The carbohydrates give the tubers a tendency to become soft and mushy if boiled, but they retain their texture better when steamed. The inulin cannot be broken down by the human digestive system,[10] but is metabolized by bacteria in the colon. This can cause flatulence and, in some cases, gastric pain. Gerard's Herbal, printed in 1621, quotes the English planter John Goodyer on Jerusalem artichokes:
"which way soever they be dressed and eaten, they stir and cause a filthy loathsome stinking wind within the body, thereby causing the belly to be pained and tormented, and are a meat more fit for swine than men."[11]
Jerusalem artichokes have 650 mg potassium per 1 cup (150g) serving. They are also high in iron, and contain 10-12% of the US RDA of fiber, niacin, thiamine, phosphorus and copper.[12]
Jerusalem artichokes can be used as animal feed, but they must be washed before being fed to most animals. However, pigs can forage and safely eat them directly from the ground. The stalks and leaves can be harvested and used for silage, though cutting the tops greatly reduces the harvest of the roots.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 304 kJ (73 kcal) |
17.44 g
|
|
Sugars | 9.6 g |
Dietary fiber | 1.6 g |
0.01 g
|
|
2 g
|
|
Vitamins | |
Thiamine (B1) |
(17%)
0.2 mg |
Riboflavin (B2) |
(5%)
0.06 mg |
Niacin (B3) |
(9%)
1.3 mg |
(8%)
0.397 mg |
|
Vitamin B6 |
(6%)
0.077 mg |
Folate (B9) |
(3%)
13 μg |
Vitamin C |
(5%)
4 mg |
Trace metals | |
Calcium |
(1%)
14 mg |
Iron |
(26%)
3.4 mg |
Magnesium |
(5%)
17 mg |
Phosphorus |
(11%)
78 mg |
Potassium |
(9%)
429 mg |
|
|
|
|
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Liquor[edit]
In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, over 90% of the Jerusalem artichoke crop is used to produce a spirit called "Topinambur (de)", "Topi" or "Rossler".[13] By the end of the 19th-century, Jerusalem artichokes were being used in Baden to make a spirit called "Jerusalem Artichoke Brandy", "Jerusalem Artichoke", "Topi", "Erdäpfler", "Rossler", or "Borbel".
Jerusalem artichoke brandy smells fruity and has a slight nutty-sweet flavour. It is characterised by an intense, pleasing, earthy note. The tubers are washed and dried in an oven before being fermented and distilled. It can be further refined to make "Red Rossler" by adding common tormentil, and other ingredients such as currants, to produce a somewhat bitter and astringent decoction. It is used as digestif, as well as a remedy for diarrhea or abdominal pain.
Pyramid scheme[edit]
In the 1980s, the Jerusalem artichoke also gained some notoriety when its seeds were planted by midwestern US farmers at the prodding of an agricultural pyramid scheme. There was little market for the tuber in that part of the US at the time, but farmers were assured it would soon appear on the commodities market. The only profits were realized by the initial distributors and the first few levels of farmers (who sold their seeds to subsequent levels of the pyramid). As a result, many of the farms that had planted large quantities of the crop were ruined.[14][15]
Synonyms[edit]
- Helianthus tuberosus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 905. 1753.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Germplasm Resources Information Network: Helianthus tuberosus
- ^ a b c Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plants Products: Helianthus tuberosus
- ^ Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 170.
- ^ Huxley, Anthony Julian; Mark Griffiths; Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. OCLC 29360744.
- ^ a b c d e f Levetin, Estelle and Karen McMahon. Plants and Society: 231. Print. 2012.
- ^ Puangbut et al. “Influence of planting date and temperature on inulin content in Jerusalem artichoke.” Australian Journal of Crop Science. p. 1159-1165. web. 2012.
- ^ Smith, James Edward (1807). An introduction to physiological and systematical botany. p. 108f. A change, as I presume, of the Italian name Girasole Articiocco, sun-flower Artichoke, as the plant was first brought from Peru to Italy, and thence propagated throughout Europe.
- ^ Flamm G, Glinsmann W, Kritchevsky D, Prosky L, Roberfroid M (2001). "Inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber: a review of the evidence". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 41 (5): 353–62. doi:10.1080/20014091091841. PMID 11497328.
- ^ "Artichoke". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- ^ Peter Barham. The Science of Cooking. p. 14. we do not possess any enzymes that are capable of breaking down larger sugars, such as raffinose etc. These 3, 4 and 5 ring sugars are made by plants especially as part of the energy storage system in seeds and beans. If we ingest these sugars we can't break them down in the intestines, rather they travel down into the colon where various bacteria digest them - and in the process produce copious amounts of carbon dioxide gas
- ^ Gerard's Herbal, cited in Davidson A. (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food, first edition. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
- ^ USDA Agricultural Research Service, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data//SR20/reports/sr20fg11.pdf
- ^ C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.: Topinambur - Energiepflanze für Biogasanlagen. In: Newsletter "nawaros" 11/2007, Straubing.
- ^ "Jerusalem Artichoke", Commercial Vegetable Production Guides, Oregon State University
- ^ Joseph Anthony Amato, The Great Jerusalem Artichoke Circus: The Buying and Selling of the Rural American Dream, University of Minnesota Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8166-2345-7 ISBN 978-0-8166-2345-7 (paperback), ISBN 0-8166-2344-9 ISBN 978-0-8166-2344-0 (clothbound)
- ^ Linnaeus. Species Plantarum 2:905. 1753.
- ^ Michaux, Andreas . Flora boreali-americana, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit. 2:141. 1803
- ^ A. Gray. Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 280. 1884.
- ^ E.E. Watson, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 9: 430. 1929.
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Persistence: PERENNIAL
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A better name for this sunflower would be 'Indian Potato' because the native people of North America cultivated and ate the edible tubers, which are produced in substantial quantities. These tubers have fewer calories per gram than the familiar 'Irish Potato' (a South American plant), and are better for diabetics because the carbohydrates and sugars can be assimilated by the digestive tract without insulin. However, the tubers can produce flatulence in some people. This sunflower can be reliably distinguished from other sunflowers by the partially winged petioles, which are ½" or longer on the larger leaves. With the exception of Helianthus annuus (Annual Sunflower), the leaves of Jerusalem Artichoke are wider than other prairie sunflowers in Illinois. It also has stems that are covered with bristly white hairs, unlike Helianthus grosseserratus (Sawtooth Sunflower), which has smooth stems. The green bracts at the base of each flowerhead are usually wider than those of other sunflower species, which typically have linear-lanceolate bracts. Return
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Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ja_sunflowerx.htm |
This native perennial plant is up to 9' tall and largely unbranched, except for an occasional side stem near the apex bearing an inflorescence. The central stem is dull red or light green, and covered with stiff white hairs. The lanceolate to ovate leaves are up to 10" long and 5" across, narrowing rather abruptly into partially winged petioles about ½-2½" long. There is coarse serration along the margins, and sparse to dense pubescence on the underside of the leaves. Two varieties of Jerusalem Artichoke have been described
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Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ja_sunflowerx.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Specimens with Barcodes: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1
"Notes: Western Ghats, Cultivated, Native of Tropical America"