Casuarina equisetifolia L.
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Australian pine is established in the Hawaiian islands, coastal Florida, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, and many Caribbean islands.
Simbiosis
Es capaz de fijar nitrógeno atmosférico en simbiosis con la bacteria Frankia porque es un árbol de crecimiento rápido. Además, las micorrizas (en co-inoculación con el hongo micorrízico arbuscular Glomus intraradices y con el hongo ectomicorrízico Pisolithus tinctoriusen) en sus raíces incrementan el crecimiento de esta planta, así como su capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno, contribuyendo a su supervivencia en el trasplante en suelos marginales (Valdés et al., 2003).
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Australian pine is capable of flowering year- round and can produce tremendous numbers of small, winged seeds which are dispersed by wind.
6.1.4 Salud
Se conoce que C. equisetifolia también causa problemas respiratorios en los humanos, su polen puede causar reacciones alérgicas (Elfers, 1988).
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Malaysia, southern Asia, Oceania and Australia
4.10 Enfermedades*
C. equisetifolia es raramente atacada por enfermedades y plagas excepto cuando crece en condiciones desfavorables. Los arboles infectados exhiben síntomas como hojas marchitas o grietas en la corteza, en donde se desarrollan ampollas con una masa negruzca y polvosa de esporas. La enfermedad causada por la bacteria Pseudumona solanacearum que se caracteriza por el amarillamIento del follaje, seguido del marchitamiento y muerte de las hojas, ha sido reportada en India y China. La poda puede permitir infecciones de hongos patógenos, especialmente Trichosporium vesiculosum y Formes lucidus. Como en otras plantas actinoricicas, las infecciones endomicorrizales (VAM) ocurren fácilmente. Las plagas de insectos incluyen la polilla Lymantria xylina, el escarabajo cornudo de puntos blancos, Anoplophora macularia y la cigarra Chondracis rosea. La hormigas atacan las semillas frescas, y los barrenadores de madera Zeuzera spp. y Hypsiptla robusta causan daño severo a la Casuarina. Para controlar las enfermedades la poda y recorte de ramas debe detenerse para prevenir el establecimiento primario de la enfermedad. Los árboles enfermos deben ser removidos tan pronto como sea posible y debe monitorearse el esparcimiento de la enfermedad construyendo trincheras alrededor de los arboles infectados para evitar el contacto entre raíces (World Agroforestry centre 2011; ISC 2011).
Coincidencia climática
C. equisetifolia ha sido plantada con éxito en áreas con una precipitación anual de 200 a 6000 mm, aunque crece mejor en sitios con 700 a 2500 mm de precipitación anual. En su área de distribución artificial la casuarina crece bien cuando las temperaturas anuales promedio varían entre 18 y 28 °C, con temperaturas promedio entre 20 y 35 °C durante el mes más caliente y entre 10 y 20 °C en el más frío. En las áreas en donde ha sido introducida, la casuarina crece desde cerca del nivel del mar hasta una elevación de 1500- 1750 m, en suelos porosos con buen drenaje y con una humedad y provisión de nutrientes adecuadas, tales como aluviones causados por los ríos o las margas arenosas, así como los suelos calcáreos y de salinidad moderada, con un amplio espectro de pH desde 5.0 a 9.5 (Parrota, 2000).
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4.5 Reproducción
Aunque puede reproducirse vegetativamente su principal método de reproducción es por semillas (Rentería, 2007).
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Casuarina equisetifolia is a she-oak species of the genus Casuarina. The native range extends from Burma and Vietnam throughout Malesia east to French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, and south to Australia (north of Northern Territory, north and east Queensland, and north-eastern New South Wales).[1] Populations are also found in Madagascar, but it is doubtful if this is within the native range of the species.[2][3] The species has been introduced to the Southern United States and West Africa.[4] It is an invasive species in Florida[5][6] and South Africa.[7]
Taxonomy[edit]
Casuarina equisetifolia was officially described by Linnaeus in 1759 as Casuarina equisefolia. A type was designated by New South Wales botanist Lawrie Johnson in 1989.[8] The specific name equisetifolia is derived from the Latin equisetum, meaning "horse hair" (referring to the resemblance of the drooping branchlets to horse tail).[1] Common names include coast sheoak (coast she oak, coastal she-oak), beach casuarina, beach oak, beach sheoak (beach she-oak), whistling tree, horsetail she oak, horsetail beefwood, horsetail tree, Australian pine, ironwood, whistling pine, Filao tree, and agoho.[9][1][10]
There are two subspecies:[11][12]
- Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia. Large tree to 35 m (115 ft) tall; twigs 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) diameter, hairless. Southeast Asia, northern Australia.[13]
- Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Benth.) L.A.S.Johnson. Small tree to 12 m (39 ft) tall; twigs 0.7–1 mm (0.028–0.039 in) diameter, downy. Eastern Australia (eastern Queensland, New South Wales), New Caledonia, southern Vanuatu.[14]
Description[edit]
Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen tree growing to 6–35 m (20–115 ft) tall. The foliage consists of slender, much-branched green to grey-green twigs 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) diameter, bearing minute scale-leaves in whorls of 6–8. The flowers are produced in small catkin-like inflorescences; the male flowers in simple spikes 0.7–4 cm (0.28–1.57 in) long, the female flowers on short peduncles. Unlike most other species of Casuarina (which are dioecious) it is monoecious, with male and female flowers produced on the same tree. The fruit is an oval woody structure 10–24 mm (0.39–0.94 in) long and 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) in diameter, superficially resembling a conifer cone made up of numerous carpels each containing a single seed with a small wing 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long.[2][15]
Like some other species of the Genus Casuarina, Casuarina equisetifolia is an actinorhizal plant able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In contrast to species of the Fabaceae family of plants (e.g., beans, alfalfa, Acacia), Casuarina harbours a symbiosis with a Frankia actinomycete.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Casuarina equisetifolia is found from Burma and Vietnam throughout Malesia east to French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, and south into Australia (the northern parts of Northern Territory, north and east Queensland, and northeastern New South Wales, where it extends as far south as Laurieton.[16]
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C. equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia
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C. equisetifolia stems and leaves
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C. equisetifoliafruits
Uses[edit]
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2011) |
Casuarina is widely used as a bonsai subject, particularly in South-east Asia and parts of the Caribbean. Indonesian specimens and those cultivated in Taiwan are regarded among the best in the bonsai world. The wood of this tree is used for shingles, fencing, and is said to make excellent, hot burning firewood. Among the islands of Hawaii, Casuarina are also grown for erosion prevention, and in general as wind breaking elements.
The legendary, miracelous spear Kaumaile came with the hero Tefolaha on the South Pacific island Nanumea. He fought with about 1.80 meters long weapon on the islands of Samoa and Tonga. As Tefolaha died, went "Kaumaile" to his heirs, then to his heirs and on and on - 23 generations. It's about 880 years old and the tree was cut on Samoa.[17]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Boland, D. J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, M. W. (2006). Forest trees of Australia (5th ed.). Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 0-643-06969-0.
- ^ a b "Casuarina equisetifolia L., Amoen. Acad. 143 (1759)". Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=477
- ^ "Plant for the Planet: Billion Tree Campaign". United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Biological control of Australian native Casuarina species in the USA". Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
- ^ Masterson, J. "Casuarina equisetifolia (Australian Pine)". Fort Pierce: Smithsonian Marine Station. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "SANBI:Declared Weeds & Invader Plants". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia L.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia L.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia". World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Taxon: Casuarina equisetifolia L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia L. subsp. equisetifolia". Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana". Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ Huxley, Anthony; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. Volume 1. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ New South Wales Flora Online: Casuarina equisetifolia by K. L. Wilson & L. A. S. Johnson, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia.
- ^ "S�dsee-Speer: Hamburger Forscher bestimmt Holzart - SPIEGEL ONLINE". SPIEGEL ONLINE. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
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Chile Central
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More info for the term: peat
Periodic fires coupled with the use of herbicides may be an effective
method of controlling sheoak. However, too frequent, intense
fires that kill overstory native pines may actually encourage Casuarina
species to establish [18]. Morton [14] warns that burning Australian
pine in peat soils may be hazardous. Elfer [3] suggests that fire may
be an effective control method for trees greater than 3 inches (8 cm) in
diameter and in dense stands. Burning could be potentially harmful if
the soil pH is changed such that native species cannot establish [3].