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Species
Citrus
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Citrus species are small evergreen trees or shrubs growing to between 5 and 15 meters (15-45 feet) in height. Apparently native to northeast India, Myanmar and the Yunnan area of China, they have been introduced into cultivation around the world, primarily in subtropical and tropical regions. They are generally not frost hardy.
Citrus species hybridize readily and most species recognized are probably of hybrid origin, and only known from cultivation. Plants of the genus (oranges and pummelo) have been cultivated for at least 4400 years in China. This long history of cultivation and their easy hybridization confuses the issue of their native origin.
Also because of their easy hybridization, all commercially available varieties are reproduced through grafting.
Citrus fruits are known for their fragrance, and their high citric acid content which gives them a tangy flavor. They are eaten by humans either directly or used in preparing many dishes.
The plants require at least 25 cm/yr (10 in/yr) rainfall to be planted without irrigation. They have a fairly shallow but wide root system to collect water from their surroundings.
In addition to fruit consumption, all species are used in traditional medicine and their wood is used in crafts and for fuel.
- http://agroforestry.net/tti/Citrus-citrus.pdf
- additional information from associated EOL articles
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Robert Hole, Jr, Robert Hole, Jr |
Source | No source database. |
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes armed. Leaves alternate, 1-foliolate, sometimes with a winged rhachis. Flowers solitary or in clusters, bisexual, (4-)5-merous. Stamens numerous, arranged in bundles. Ovary (4-)5-many-locular; loculi 4-8-ovulate. Fruit large, spherical, ovoid or obovoid, many-seeded.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=809 |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
نبات غذائي/ امتصاص العصارة
تمتص حشرة Coccus hesperidum التحت ورقية على العصارة من الأوراق الحية ( قرب العروق) للحمضيات
ملاحظات : الموسم 1-12
نبات غذائي/ يتغذى على
يتغذى حشرة Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis على عصارة الحمضيات الحية
نبات غذائي/ امتصاص العصارة
يتغذى حشرة Icerya purchas على عصارة الحمضيات الحية
ملاحظات أخرى: عائل رئيسي / فريسة
فى بريطانيا العظمى / أو أيرلندا
نبات غذائي/ امتصاص العصارة
تمتص حشرة Pulvinaria floccifera التحت ورقية العصارة الحية للحمضيات
The plants cultivated for our popular caffeinated products- including Coffee, Tea, Cacao, Maté, Kola and Guarana- tend to produce fairly high levels of caffeine, but many others that you might not expect also produce it. It can be found in flowers of lemon and other citrus, for instance (Duke, 1992). Why do so many plants produce caffeine, especially in important tissues like flowers and fruit?
Some plants offer attractive chemicals in flowers or fruit as a reward to animals that, for instance, disperse their seeds. Researchers in Zurich have found this is not likely to be the primary use a plant has for caffeine, at least for Guarana. The outer part of the guarana fruit, which is eaten by large birds such as toucans, contains lots of sugar but no measurable caffeine. Experiments simulating the acid conditions of a bird’s digestive tract suggest very little caffeine is leeched from the seed before it leaves the bird’s body (Baumann et al, 1995; Goncalves, 1971).
Caffeine is widely listed as a secondary compound in plant chemical profiles, meaning a harmful or unpalatable chemical that discourages grazers. That could account for the caffeine in citrus flowers, too. If they’re not chemically defended, flowers could be eaten by herbivores before they have a chance to get pollinated and produce seeds. On the other hand, flowers also need to attract the attention of pollinators. Citrus pollen and nectar, both of which are harvested and consumed by pollinators, contain significant amounts of caffeine (Kretschmar and Baumann, 1999). The caffeine in the flowers may benefit the plant by discouraging herbivores, but it is equally plausible that it attracts pollinators- assuming they like the buzz.
- Baumann, Thomas W. , Schulthess, Brigitte H. and Karin Hänni. 1995. Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) rewards seed dispersers without intoxicating them by caffeine. Phytochemistry. 39(5): 1063–1070
- Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- Goncalves, J. R. C., A Cultura do Guaraná. Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas do Norte (IPEAN), Belém, 1971
- Kretschmar, Josef A. and Thomas W. Baumann. 1999. Caffeine in Citrus flowers. Phytochemistry, 52(1): 19–23
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Jennifer Hammock, Jennifer Hammock |
Source | No source database. |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:431
Specimens with Sequences:463
Specimens with Barcodes:304
Species:92
Species With Barcodes:88
Public Records:309
Public Species:81
Public BINs:0
مواقع جمع العينات: توضح خريطة للعالم أماكن جمع عينات الحمضيات
Kinnow (or kinoo) is a variety of mandarin (citrus fruit) often grown in the Punjab province of Pakistan, and to a lesser extent in northern Indian states, mainly Punjab and Rajasthan. The kinnow was developed by H. B. Frost at the University of California, Riverside in 1935, by cross-pollinating the King tangor and the Willow Leaf or Mediterranean Mandarin.[1] Courtesy of the parent stock, another name for this hybrid citrus is Wilking.
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Description
The small orange fruits have more seeds per wedge in comparison to other citrus fruits. The seeds of kinnow are naturally diploid or tetraploid. Seedless triploid varieties have been developed, but these are still undergoing testing whether the fruit is healthy for consumption.
Kinnow season in the Northern Hemisphere starts in November and ends in March, a longer picking season than any other citrus variety.
Production and consumption
The kinnow is a hybrid of two citrus cultivars—"King" and "Willow Leaf"—and is classified as Kinnow mandarin. It was introduced from California to the Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute, Lyallpur (now University of Agriculture, Faisalabad) in the subcontinent in 1943-44. This "easy peel" citrus has assumed special economic importance and export demand, being acknowledged for its high juice content, special flavour, and as a rich source of vitamin C. In per capita terms, the annual availability of citrus is nearly 12.5 kg, of which kinnow makes up about 8 kg. A consumption of 8 kg per capita implies the availability of 1206 milligrams of vitamin C, 1520 milligrams of calcium, 684 milligrams of phosphorus and nearly 16 milligrams of iron per head during the citrus production season. In the citrus production season, kinnow consumption can make a significant contribution to improve human diet in terms of total micronutrient intake.
Most of the target export markets of Pakistani kinnow are those of developing countries. Only 2.6 per cent of kinnow exports target markets of developed countries, which is due to the emerging demand for seedless kinnow by the developed countries. About 61 percent of total world exports of oranges and mandarins are of seedless varieties. Unfortunately, Pakistan is not producing seedless kinnow, due to which its target markets are limited and mostly confined to Middle East countries. Some important export markets for kinnow are: Bahrain, Dubai, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom and Vietnam.[2]
Fruit processing
Food processing includes the selection of good-quality mandarins. The ideal kinnow is firm to slightly soft, smooth-skinned with no deep grooves, and deep orange to almost red. Human hands can better judge and avoid product with soft spots, dull and faded coloring or rough and bumpy skin.
Juice processing
There are some juice extracting units in Pakistan, producing kinnow juice concentrate intended for export to the United States and the European Union. In India, the kinnow juice processing industry is developing rapidly. In 2008, two new juice processing plants began operating, each with a processing capacity of about 400 tons per day. Tropicana and Jain Irrigation have hired these plants from PunjabAgro to produce kinnow juice concentrate. The Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology in Patiala recently developed a patented method of debittering its juice.
References
- ^ Y. H. Hui, M. Pilar Cano, and Josef Barta (Editors). Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Wiley, John & Sons. 2006. ISBN 9780813819815; page 312.
- ^ Marketing of Fruits Under WTO Regime, Dr. M. Sharif and Burhan Ahmad, Social Sciences Institute, NARC Islamabad
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinnow&oldid=358754674 |