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Species
Vaccinium
IUCN
NCBI
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Vaccinium /vækˈsɪniəm/[2] is a genus of shrubs or dwarf shrubs in the plant family Ericaceae. The fruit of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry or whortleberry, lingonberry or cowberry, and huckleberry. Like many other ericaceous plants, they are generally restricted to acidic soils.
Contents
Distribution[edit]
The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the Northern Hemisphere, although there are tropical species from areas as widely separated as Madagascar and Hawaii.
Etymology[edit]
The name vaccinium was used in classical Latin for a plant, possibly the bilberry or a hyacinth, and may be derived from the Latin bacca, berry, although its ultimate derivation is obscure.[3][4] It is not the same word as vaccinum "of or pertaining to cows".[5]
Characteristics[edit]
Plants of this group typically require acidic soils, and as wild plants they live in habitats such as heath, bog and acidic woodland (for example, blueberries under oaks or pines). The plant structure varies between species – some trail along the ground, some are dwarf shrubs, and some are larger shrubs perhaps 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall. The fruit develops from an inferior ovary, and is a berry; it is usually brightly coloured, often being red or bluish with purple juice.
Blueberry plants are commonly found in oak-heath forests in eastern North America.[6][7]
The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of Vaccinium can also slightly alter in winter-warming experiments.[8]
Food uses[edit]
Vaccinium species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium.
Taxonomy[edit]
The taxonomy is complex, and still under investigation. Genetic analysis indicates that the genus Vaccinium is not monophyletic.[9] A number of the Asian species are more closely related to Agapetes than to other Vaccinium species.[9][10] A second group includes most of Orthaea and Notopora, at least some of Gaylussacia (huckleberry), and a number of species from Vaccinium, such as Vaccinium crassifolium.[9] Other parts of Vaccinium form other groups, sometimes together with species of other genera.[9]Vaccinium's taxonomy can either be resolved by enlarging the genus to include the entirety of the Vaccinieae tribe, or by braking the genus up into several different genera.[9]
Subgenera[edit]
A classification predating molecular phylogeny divides Vaccinium into subgenera, and several sections:
- Subgenus Oxycoccus
- The cranberries, with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat Oxycoccus as a distinct genus.
- Sect. Oxycoccus
- Vaccinium macrocarpon – American Cranberry
- Vaccinium oxycoccos – Common Cranberry
- Sect. Oxycoccoides
- Vaccinium erythrocarpum – Southern Mountain Cranberry
- Subgenus Vaccinium
- All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers.
- Sect. Batodendron
- Vaccinium arboreum – Sparkleberry
- Vaccinium crassifolium – Creeping Blueberry
- Sect. Brachyceratium
- Sect. Bracteata
- Vaccinium acrobracteatum
- Vaccinium barandanum
- Vaccinium bracteatum
- Vaccinium coriaceum
- Vaccinium cornigerum
- Vaccinium cruentum
- Vaccinium hooglandii
- Vaccinium horizontale
- Vaccinium laurifolium
- Vaccinium lucidum
- Vaccinium myrtoides
- Vaccinium phillyreoides
- Vaccinium reticulatovenosum
- Vaccinium sparsum
- Vaccinium varingifolium
- Sect. Ciliata
- Sect. Cinctosandra
- Sect. Conchophyllum
- Sect. Cyanococcus – typical blueberries
- Vaccinium angustifolium – Lowbush Blueberry
- Vaccinium boreale – Northern Blueberry
- Vaccinium caesariense – New Jersey Blueberry
- Vaccinium caespitosum – Dwarf Blueberry (Dwarf Bilberry)
- Vaccinium corymbosum – Highbush Blueberry
- Vaccinium darrowii – Evergreen Blueberry
- Vaccinium elliottii – Elliott's Blueberry
- Vaccinium formosum
- Vaccinium fuscatum – Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum
- Vaccinium hirsutum
- Vaccinium koreanum – Korean Blueberry
- Vaccinium myrsinites – Evergreen Blueberry
- Vaccinium myrtilloides – Canadian Blueberry
- Vaccinium pallidum Ait. – Dryland Blueberry (images); syn. V. vacillans Torr.
- Vaccinium simulatum
- Vaccinium tenellum
- Vaccinium virgatum – Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei
- Sect. Eococcus
- Sect. Epigynium
- Sect. Galeopetalum
- Sect. Hemimyrtillus
- Sect. Myrtillus (including sect. Macropelma) – bilberries and relatives
- Vaccinium calycinum Sm. – Ōhelo kau laʻau (Hawaiʻi)
- Vaccinium cereum (L.f.) Forst.f. – East Polynesian Blueberry, Pacific Blueberry
- Vaccinium cespitosum – Dwarf Bilberry
- Vaccinium deliciosum – Cascade Bilberry, Cascade Blueberry, Blueleaf Huckleberry
- Vaccinium dentatum Sm. – Ōhelo (Hawaiʻi)
- Vaccinium membranaceum – Square-twig Blueberry, Thinleaf Huckleberry, Tall Huckleberry, Big Huckleberry, Mountain Huckleberry, "black huckleberry"
- Vaccinium myrtillus – Common Bilberry, Blue Whortleberry, Blaeberry, Fraughan, Hurtleberry
- Vaccinium ovalifolium – Alaska Blueberry, Early Blueberry, Oval-leaf Blueberry
- Vaccinium parvifolium – Red Huckleberry
- Vaccinium praestans – Krasnika (Russian: Красника)
- Vaccinium reticulatum – Ōhelo ʻai (Hawaiʻi)
- Vaccinium scoparium – Grouse Whortleberry, Grouseberry, Littleleaf Huckleberry
- Sect. Neurodesia
- Sect. Oarianthe
- Sect. Oreades
- Sect. Pachyanthum
- Sect. Polycodium
- Vaccinium stamineum L. – Deerberry; syn. V. caesium (Eastern North America) (images)
- Sect. Pyxothamnus
- Vaccinium consanguineum
- Vaccinium floribundum
- Vaccinium ovatum Pursh – California Huckleberry (or Evergreen Huckleberry) (Coastal Western North America)
- Sect. Vaccinium
- Vaccinium uliginosum L. – Northern (or Bog) Bilberry (or Blueberry); syn. V. occidentale (Northern North America and Eurasia)
- Sect. Vitis-idaea
- Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. – Partridgeberry, Cowberry, Redberry, Red Whortleberry, or Lingonberry (northern North America and Eurasia)
Production[edit]
Production tonnes. Figures 2003–2004 |
|||||
United States | 280,503 | 80 % | 270,000 | 78 % | |
Canada | 52,651 | 15 % | 53,400 | 16 % | |
Belarus | 8,000 | 2 % | 10,000 | 3 % | |
Latvia | 8,000 | 2 % | 8,000 | 2 % | |
Azerbaijan | 2,000 | 1 % | 1,500 | 0 % | |
Ukraine | 1,000 | 0 % | 1,000 | 0 % | |
Tunisia | 50 | 0 % | 50 | 0 % | |
Turkey | 50 | 0 % | 50 | 0 % | |
Total | 352 254 | 100 % | 344 000 | 100 % |
References[edit]
- ^ "Vaccinium Linnaeus". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2003-02-05. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4. p. 515.
- ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1994). Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Hamlyn Books. ISBN 978-0-600-58187-1. p. 187.
- ^ P.G.W. Glare, ed. (1996). Oxford Latin Dictionary. p. 2000. ISBN 0-19-864224-5.
- ^ The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010
- ^ Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
- ^ Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Davey MP, Taulavuori K, Taulavuori E, Laine K, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK. 2010. Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community. Physiologia Plantarum. 140(2): 128–140.
- ^ a b c d e Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell and J. L. Luteyn (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of Satyria". American Journal of Botany 89 (2): 327–336. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.327. PMID 21669741.
- ^ "Vaccinium". Flora of China.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium&oldid=626316126 |
Vaccinium is a genus of around 500 species of deciduous and evergreen dwarf, prostrate, or erect shrubs, vines, and trees in the Ericaceae (heath family) that includes blueberries (highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum is source of many commercial cultivars, and lowbush and rabbiteye blueberries, V. angustifolium and V. ashei, respectively, are also commercially important, but there are numerous other wild blueberry species), cranberries (V. macrocarpon, the primary commercial species, as well as V. oxycoccus), lingonberries or cowberries (V. vitis-idaea), and bilberries or whortleberries (V. myrtillus and others; the names “blueberry” and “bilberry” are used interchangeably for various species). Some Vaccinium species are also referred to as huckleberries, but that name is generally reserved for Gaylusaccia species, which produce a fruit similar to blueberries but with seeds enclosed in hard, stony coverings (although as with any common name, there are regional variations).
Most Vaccinium species are native to the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest concentration of species in North America and eastern Asia. They often grow in temperate to cold temperate climates, although there are species that extend into mountainous tropical areas, and lower latitudes to countries including Mexico, the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America.
In North America, Vaccinium species are often associated with bogs and other wet areas, although many species grow in dry, upland areas. They can tolerate the acidic conditions that may develop in either type of setting. North American Vaccinium species are an important food source for numerous species of mammals and birds, and are estimated to make up 2 to 5% of the diet of 57 species.
Vaccinium species were also an important food source for native peoples of North America for many centuries, but were generally wild-harvested, sometimes in managed stands, rather than cultivated. The development of cultivated varieties of blueberries and cranberries occurred only during the past 100 years, making these two of the most recently domesticated fruit crops.
The economic importance of Vaccinium species is hard to ascertain, as many fruits are wild-harvested for local, rather than commercial use. However, FAO estimates that the total commercial harvest of blueberries (of all species) in 2010 was 312,047 metric tons, harvested from 74,649 hectares worldwide. The U.S. was the leading producer, generating 60% of the harvest, while Canada contributed another 27%, followed by Poland and Germany. Production of cranberries was higher, an estimated 394,606 metric tons in 2010, harvested from 22,444 hectares. The U.S. was responsible for 78% of the total, and Canada produced 19%, with considerably smaller harvests in Belarus, Azerbaijan, and Latvia, among others.
Within the U.S., Wisconsin and Massachusetts are the leading cranberry producers, responsible for 58% and 28%, respectively, of the U.S. harvest, followed by New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington. Blueberry cultivation is more widely distributed; Michigan is the leading producer of cultivated blueberries, with 25% of the 2010 crop, while other states with significant harvests include Georgia, Oregon, New Jersey, and Washington. Maine has a large blueberry industry, but it is primarily based on wild-harvested, rather than cultivated, berries.
(Bailey et al. 1976, FAOSTAT 2012, Flora of North America 2012, Hedrick 1919, Martin et al. 1951, NASS 2011, USDA 2012, van Wyk 2005.)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Jacqueline Courteau, Jacqueline Courteau |
Source | No source database. |
Chile Central
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Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
Vaccinium
Arbustos erectos o con menos frecuencia sarmentosos, rara vez árboles. Hojas alternas, pinnatinervadas, enteras o aserradas, coriáceas, pecioladas. Flores bisexuales, actinomorfas, solitarias, en pares o más frecuentemente en racimos axilares; pedicelos usualmente bibracteados. Cáliz tubular a globoso, con 4 ó 5 lóbulos; corola blanca, verde roja o amarillenta, cilíndrica, urceolada o campanulada, con 4-5 lóbulos más o menos profundos; estambres 8-10, tan largos como la corola; ovario ínfero o parcialmente ínfero, 4-5-locular, óvulos numerosos, el estilo terminal, único, el estigma simple o capitado. Fruto una baya con sépalos persistentes en la porción apical; semillas 5-numerosas, diminutas. Género con alrededor de 300 especies, en su mayoría del hemisferio norte y en los bosques móntanos del trópico.
Vaccinium
Shrubs, erect or less frequently clambering, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, entire or serrate, coriaceous, petiolate. Inflorescences of axillary racemes, less frequently the flowers solitary or in pairs; pedicels usually bibracteate. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx tubular to globose, with 4-5 lobes at the apex; corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, white, green, red, or yellowish, with 4-5 more or less deep lobes; stamens 8-10, as long as the corolla; ovary inferior or partially inferior, 4-5-locular, the style terminal, single, the stigma simple or capitate. Fruit a berry, with the sepals persistent on the apical portion; seeds 5-numerous, minute. A genus of about 300 species, mostly of the Northern Hemisphere and in the montane forests of the tropics.
Plant / associate
Caenopsis fissirostris is associated with Vaccinium
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Caliroa annulipes grazes on leaf of Vaccinium
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous conidioma of Discosia coelomycetous anamorph of Discosia artocreas is saprobic on dead leaf of Vaccinium
Remarks: season: 10-4
Foodplant / gall
fruitbody of Exobasidium oxycocci causes gall of dark red, deformed shoot of Vaccinium
Foodplant / spot causer
erumpent pseudothecium of Leptosphaerulina myrtillina causes spots on live twig end of Vaccinium
Remarks: season: 9-10
Foodplant / parasite
Mycosphaerella vaccinii parasitises Vaccinium
Foodplant / gall
telium of Naohidemyces vacciniorum causes gall of stem of Vaccinium
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Nematus reticulatus grazes on leaf of Vaccinium
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / gall
Phyllocoptes vaccinii causes gall of leaf (margin) of Vaccinium
Foodplant / gall
Phytoplasma (ined) causes gall of proliferating stem of Vaccinium
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pristiphora carinata grazes on leaf of Vaccinium
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
Valdensia anamorph of Valdensia heterodoxa parasitises live Vaccinium
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Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Vaccinium.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:370
Specimens with Sequences:551
Specimens with Barcodes:404
Species:70
Species With Barcodes:70
Public Records:137
Public Species:63
Public BINs:0
Canada
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident