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Species
Hoplosternum
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- 1a. Second infraorbital bone narrow, not articulating with the pterotic-supracleithrum and leaving a naked skin area between eye and opercle; coracoids strongly developed in fully matured males, contacting and sometimes overlapping ventrally; only first scute of upper lateral series with lateral line perforation .....2
- 1b. Second infraorbital bone extremely developed, articulating with the pterotic-supracleithrum and covering the entire area of skin between eye and opercle; coracoids exposed ventrally but not in contact in the midline even in fully matured males; 4-6 scutes of upper lateral series with lateral line perforations .....Hoplosternum littorale
- 2a. Interopercle exposed in a small roundish area ventrally tothe opercle; caudal peduncle deeper (17.4-19.5% of standard length in specimens larger than 55.0 mm SL) .....Hoplosternum magdalenae
- 2b. Interopercle covered by skin, not visible externally; caudal peduncle shallower (14.3-17.2% of standard length in specimens larger that 55.0 mm SL) .....Hoplosternum punctatum
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Roberto E. Reis, Tree of Life web project |
Source | http://tolweb.org/Hoplosternum/15336 |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:38
Specimens with Sequences:34
Specimens with Barcodes:33
Species:3
Species With Barcodes:3
Public Records:14
Public Species:1
Public BINs:1
Hoplosternum is a small genus of freshwater catfish in the Callichthyinae subfamily of the armored catfish family.
A fossil catfish has been identified as Hoplosternum sp. from the middle Miocene in the La Venta formation, Magdalena River basin, Colombia.[1]
§Taxonomy[edit]
The name Hoplosternum is derived from the Greek hoplon (weapon) and sternon (chest).[2]
§Species[edit]
There are currently three described species in this genus:[2]
- Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) (Atipa)
- Hoplosternum magdalenae C. H. Eigenmann, 1913 (Striped hoplo)
- Hoplosternum punctatum Meek & Hildebrand, 1916
§Distribution[edit]
Hoplosternum species are found in tropical Central and South America.
§Ecology[edit]
Hoplosternum is normally found in large schools on the muddy bottoms of slow-moving rivers, pools, drainage ditches, and swampy areas. In water with low oxygen content, the fish are capable of utilizing atmospheric air by taking in a gulp of air at the surface of the water and passing it back to the hind gut. The walls of the gut are lined with tiny blood vessels into which the oxygen from the air can pass, similar to the function of true lungs. The remaining gasses pass out through the anus. When there is a severe drought, these air breathers are able to traverse short stretches of land seeking better conditions. The fish is also capable of making sounds; both grunts and squeaks.
Like other callichthyines, Hoplosternum species build bubble nests. Among callichthyines, H. littorale has the most complex nest structure.[3]
§Reproduction[edit]
Hoplosternum is a builder of bubblenests from plant parts, some bottom materials, and bubbles formed by a mouth secretion and air. The male forms a mass of bubbles about 20 cm (8 in.) in diameter and 10 cm (4 in) high. During the time of construction, the female is actively chased away or ignored. When the nest construction is complete, the male will accept the female. The eggs (up to several hundred) are deposited into the nest and the male or the pair will actively protect the nest for about four weeks until the fry come out of the nest at the size of 2.5 cm (1 in).
§Cuisine[edit]
Hoplosternum is also known by the nickname "Hassa" in some South American and Asian cultures. It is normally served curried with rice.
§References[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Hoplosternum |
- ^ Ferraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007). "Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types" (PDF). Zootaxa 1418: 1–628. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Hoplosternum in FishBase. December 2011 version.
- ^ Andrade, D. V.; Abe, A. S. (1997). "Foam nest production in the armoured catfish". Journal of Fish Biology 50 (3): 665–667. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01957.x.
- Burgess, Dr. Warren E. (1987). A Complete Introduction to Corydoras and Related Catfishes. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-86622-264-2.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoplosternum&oldid=650472946 |
Hoplosternum littorale is the speciesof Callichthyidae with widest distribution. It is present in all of South America east of the Andes and north of Buenos Aires, includingthe Río Orinoco, Trinidad, coastal rivers of the Guianas,Río Amazonas drainage, Río Paraguay, lower RíoParaná and coastal systems in southern Brazil.One single lot is known from the upper rio Paraná (MZUSP40336) and the rio São Francisco drainage (MCP 16715).Oliveira (1991) suggested that these occurrences may representintroduced populations. Very recently (December, 1995) I received from Dr. Leo Nicoa lot of this species collected in Florida (USA).
Hoplosternum magdalenae occurs westof the Andes, in the Lago Maracaibo basin in Venezuela, and inthe drainages of Río Sinu and Río Magdalena in Colombia.
Finally, Hoplosternum punctatum is only found in the Río Atratobasin in Colombia and in the Pacific coastal drainages of Panamá,in southern Central America.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Roberto E. Reis, Tree of Life web project |
Source | http://tolweb.org/Hoplosternum/15336 |
No uniquely derived features were found for Hoplosternum, but a posteriortriangular expansion of the second infraorbital bone, towards the pterotic-supracleithrum, is a derived condition. This character, however, is shared by the species of Brochis and some Corydoras.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Roberto E. Reis, Tree of Life web project |
Source | http://tolweb.org/Hoplosternum/15336 |