Species
Calliphoridae
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Mostly robust medium-sized to large flies, partly or wholly metallic blue or green, sometimes polished black or with silvery, yellowish or golden microtomentum in a variable pattern, occasionally small, slender, and without metallic sheen, some species all yellow. Male seldom holoptic; upper facets of eye not much enlarged, but with frons always narrower than in female, and lacking orbital and outer vertical setae. Sexes sometimes with differing leg chaetotaxy, occasionally with marked difference in body color. Length 4-16 mm. (Shewell 1987, Rognes 1998)
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Source | http://diptera.myspecies.info/node/9772 |
Calliphoridae (Blowflies, Bottle Flies, Calliphorid Flies)
These stout flies are medium to medium-large sized, and are often colored metallic green (e.g., Lucilia spp.) or metallic blue (e.g., Calliphora spp.). The adults feed from flowers with exposed nectaries, while the larvae feed on rotting carcasses. A few species can become pests of livestock because they lay their eggs around the orifices of such animals.
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Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/files/flies.htm |
Animal / pathogen
Entomophthora muscae infects live adult of Calliphoridae
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / pathogen
Furia americana infects live adult of Calliphoridae
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Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Calliphoridae.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:7540
Specimens with Sequences:7219
Specimens with Barcodes:6860
Species:226
Species With Barcodes:213
Public Records:3630
Public Species:150
Public BINs:120
Calliphoridae (commonly known as blow flies, blow-flies, carrion flies, bluebottles, greenbottles, or cluster flies[2]) are a family of insects in the order Diptera, with 1,100 known species. The family is known to be polyphyletic, but much remains disputed regarding proper treatment of the constituent units,[4] some of which are occasionally accorded family status (e.g., Bengaliidae, Helicoboscidae, Polleniidae, and Rhiniidae).
The name blow fly comes from an older English term for meat that had eggs laid on it, which was said to be fly blown. The first known association of the term "blow" with flies appears in the plays of William Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, The Tempest, and Antony and Cleopatra.[5]
Contents
Description[edit]
Characteristics[edit]
Calliphoridae adults are commonly shiny with metallic colouring, often with blue, green, or black thoraces and abdomens. Antennae are three-segmented and aristate. The arista are plumose the entire length, and the second antennal segment is distinctly grooved. Members of Calliphoridae have branched Rs 2 veins, frontal sutures are present, and calypters are well developed.
The characteristics and arrangement of hairlike bristles are used to tell the difference between members of this family. All blow flies have bristles located on the meron. Having two notopleural bristles and a hindmost posthumeral bristle located lateral to presutural bristle are characteristics to look for when identifying this family.
The thorax has the continuous dorsal suture across the middle, along with well-defined posterior calli. The postscutellum is absent or weakly developed. The costa is unbroken and the subcosta is apparent on the insect.[6][7][8]
Development[edit]
Most species of blow flies studied thus far are anautogenous; a female requires a substantial amount of protein to develop mature eggs within her ovaries (about 800 µg per pair of ovaries in Phormia regina). The current theory is that females visit carrion both for protein and egg laying, but this remains to be proven. Blow fly eggs, usually yellowish or white in color, are about 1.5 mm x 0.4 mm, and, when laid, look like rice balls. While the female blow fly typically lays 150–200 eggs per batch, she is usually iteroparous, laying around 2,000 eggs during the course of her life. The sex ratio of blow fly eggs is usually 50:50, but one exception is females from two species of the genus Chrysomya (C. rufifacies and C. albiceps), which are either arrhenogenic (laying only male offspring) or thelygenic (laying only female offspring).
Hatching from an egg to the first larval stage takes about eight hours to one day. Larvae have three stages of development (instars); each stage is separated by a molting event. The instars are separable by examining the posterior spiracles, or openings to the breathing system.[9] The larvae use proteolytic enzymes in their excreta (as well as mechanical grinding by mouth hooks) to break down proteins on the livestock or corpse on which they are feeding. Blow flies are poikilothermic – the rate at which they grow and develop is highly dependent on temperature and species. Under room temperature (about 20 °C), the black blow fly Phormia regina can change from egg to pupa in 150–266 hours (six to 11 days). When the third larval stage is complete, it will leave the corpse and burrow into the ground to pupate, emerging as an adult seven to 14 days later.
Food sources[edit]
Adult blow flies are occasional pollinators, being attracted to flowers with strong odors resembling rotting meat, such as the American pawpaw or dead horse arum. There is little doubt that these flies use nectar as a source of carbohydrates to fuel flight, but just how and when this happens is unknown. One study showed the visual stimulus a blow fly receives from its compound eyes is responsible for causing its legs to extend from its flight position and allow it to land on any surface.[10]
Larvae of most species are scavengers of carrion and dung, and most likely constitute the majority of the maggots found in such material, although they are not uncommonly found in close association with other dipterous larvae from the families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, and many other acalyptrate muscoid flies.
Predators[edit]
Predators of blow flies include:
- Spiders[11]
- Beetles
- Frogs
- Chickens
Diversity[edit]
About 1,100 species of blow flies are known, with 228 species in the Neotropics, and a large number of species in Africa and Southern Europe. The most common areas to find Calliphoridae species are in India, Japan, China, Central America, and the Southern United States.[citation needed]
The typical habitats for blow flies are temperate to tropical areas that provide a layer of loose, damp soil and litter where larvae may thrive and pupate.
Genera[edit]
This is a selected list of genera from the Palearctic, Nearctic, Malaysia (Japan) and Australasia:
- Abago Grunin, 1966[12]
- Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Angioneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893[13]
- Apaulina Hall, 1948[14]
- Cynomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Aphyssura Hardy, 1940[15]
- Auchmeromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891[16]
- Bellardia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
- Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Booponus Aldrich, 1923[17]
- Borbororhinia Townsend, 1917
- Boreellus Aldrich & Shannon, 1923
- Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Callitroga Hall, 1948[14]
- Catapicephala Macquart, 1851[18]
- Chloroprocta Wulp, 1896
- Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Cochliomyia Townsend, 1915[19]
- Compsomyiops Townsend, 1918[20]
- Cordylobia Gruenberg, 1903
- Cosmina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Cyanus Hall, 1948[14]
- Dexopollenia Townsend, 1917[21]
- Dyscritomyia Grimshaw, 1901[22]
- Eggisops Róndani, 1862
- Eucalliphora Townsend, 1908[23]
- Eumesembrinella Townsend, 1931[24]
- Eurychaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891[16]
- Euphumosia Malloch, 1926[25]
- Hemilucilia Brauer, 1895[26]
- Hemipyrellia Townsend, 1918[20]
- Idiella Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889[27]
- Isomyia Walker, 1926[28]
- Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Melanodexia Williston, 1893[29]
- Melanomya Róndani, 1856
- Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos, 1893[30]
- Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Mufetiella Villeneuve, 1933[31]
- Nesodexia Villeneuve, 1911[32]
- Neta Shannon, 1926[33]
- Onesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Opsodexia Townsend, 1915[19]
- Pachychoeromyia Villeneuve, 1920[34]
- Paralucilia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891[16]
- Paramenia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889[27]
- Paraplatytropesa Crosskey, 1965[35]
- Phormia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Phumosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Platytropesa Macquart, 1851[18]
- Pollenia Fabricius, 1794
- Polleniopsis Townsend, 1917[21]
- Prosthetosoma Silvestri, 1920[36]
- Protocalliphora Hough, 1899[37]
- Protophormia Townsend, 1908[23]
- Ptilonesia Bezzi, 1927[38]
- Rhinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Rhynchoestrus Séguy, 1926[39]
- Rhyncomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Sarconesia Bigot, 1857[40]
- Silbomyia Macquart, 1843[41]
- Stegosoma Loew, 1863[42]
- Stilbomyella Malloch, 1935[43]
- Stomorhina Róndani, 1861[44]
- Toxotarsus Macquart, 1851[18]
- Triceratopyga Rohdendorf, 1931[45]
- Trichoberia Townsend, 1933[46]
- Tricyclea Wulp, 1885[47]
- TricycleopsisVilleneuve, 1927[48]
- Trypocalliphora Peus, 1960[49]
- Villeneuviella Austen, 1914[50]
- Xenocalliphora Malloch, 1924[51]
Sources: MYIA,[52] FE,[53] Nomina,[54] A/O DC[55]
Economic importance[edit]
Myiasis[edit]
Blow flies have caught the interest of researchers in a variety of fields, although the large body of literature on calliphorids has been concentrated on solving the problem of myiasis in livestock. The sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina causes the Australian sheep industry an estimated $170 million a year in losses.
The most common causes of myiasis in humans and animals are the three dipteran families Oestridea, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae. Myiasis in humans is clinically categorized in six ways: dermal and subdermal, facial cavity, wound or traumatic, gastrointestinal, vaginal, and generalized. If found in humans, the dipteran larvae are usually in their first instar. The only treatment necessary is just to remove the maggots, and the patient heals naturally.[56] Whilst not strictly a myiasis species, the Congo floor maggot feeds on mammal blood, occasionally human.
Screwworms[edit]
The New World primary screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) once a major pest in southern United States, has been eradicated from the United States, Mexico and Central America through an extensive release program by the USDA of sterilized males. The USDA maintains a sterile screwworm fly production plant and release program in the eastern half of the Republic of Panama to keep fertile screwworms from migrating north. Currently, this species is limited to lowland tropical countries in South America and some Caribbean islands.
The Old World primary screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) is an obligate parasite of mammals. This fly is distributed throughout the Old World, including Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Africa, some countries in the Middle East, India, the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian and Philippine Islands, and Papua New Guinea.[57]
The secondary screwworm (Cochliomyia macellaria) has become one of the principal species on which to base post-mortem interval estimations because its succession and occurrence on decomposing remains has been well defined. The secondary screwworm is found throughout the United States, the American tropics, and in southern Canada during summer months. This species is one of the most common species found on decomposing remains in the southern United States.[58]
Maggot therapy[edit]
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the medical use of selected, laboratory-raised fly larvae for cleaning nonhealing wounds. Medicinal maggots perform debridement by selectively eating only dead tissue. Lucilia sericata (Phaenicia sericata), or the common green bottlefly, is the preferred species used in maggot therapy.[59]Myiasis (maggot infestation) by non-medicinal maggots is not always therapeutic - in addition to the possibility of introducing microbes, some species of maggots eat healthy tissue as well, such as screwworms. MDT can be used to treat pressure ulcers, diabetic foot wounds, venous stasis ulcers, and postsurgical wounds.[60]
Disease[edit]
Adults may be vectors of pathogens of diseases such as dysentery. Flies, most commonly Calliphoridae, have frequently been associated with disease transmission in humans and animals, as well as myiasis. Studies and research have linked Calliphora and Lucilia to vectors of causal agents of bacterial infections. These larvae, commonly seen on decaying bodies, feed on carrion while the adults can be necrophagous or vegetative. During the process of decay, microorganisms (e.g. Mycobacterium) may be released through the body. Flies arrive at the scene and lay their eggs. The larvae begin eating and breaking down the corpse, simultaneously ingesting these organisms which is the first step of one transmission route.[61]
The bacterium which causes paratuberculosis in cattle, pigs and birds (M. a. avium) has been isolated and recovered from these flies through several different experiments.[62]
Other potential and threatening diseases include rabbit haemorrhagic disease[63] in New Zealand and flystrike. Although strike is not limited to blow flies, these maggots are a major source of this skin invasion, causing lesions, which, if severe enough, may be lethal. Strike starts when blow flies lay eggs in a wound or fecal material present on the sheep. When the maggots hatch, they begin feeding on the sheep and thus irritating it. As soon as the first wave of maggots hatch, they attract more blow flies, causing the strike. Insecticides are available for blow fly prevention, and precautionary measures may be taken, such as docking tails, shearing, and keeping the sheep healthy overall.[64][65]
Salmonellosis has also been proven to be transmitted by the blow fly through saliva, feces and direct contact by the flies' tarsi. Adult flies may be able to spread pathogens via their sponging mouthparts, vomit, intestinal tract, sticky pads of their feet, or even their body or leg hairs.[66]
As the flies are vectors of many diseases, the importance of identifying the transmissible agents, the route of transmission, and prevention and treatments in the event of contact are becoming increasingly important. With the ability to lay hundreds of eggs in a lifetime and the presence of thousands of larvae at a time in such close proximity, the potential for transmission is high, especially at ideal temperatures.
Forensic importance[edit]
Blow flies are usually the first insects to come in contact with carrion because they have the ability to smell dead animal matter from up to 1 mile (1.6 km) away.[67] Upon reaching the carrion, females deposit eggs on it. Since development is highly predictable if the ambient temperature is known, blow flies are considered a valuable tool in forensic science. Traditional estimations of time since death are generally unreliable after 72 hours and often entomologists are the only officials capable of generating an accurate approximate time interval. The specialized discipline related to this practice is known as forensic entomology.[68]
Calliphora vicina and Cynomya mortuorum are important flies of forensic entomology. Other forensically important Calliphoridae are Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora livida, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Chrysomya rufifacies, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia macellaria, and Protophormia terraenovae. One myth states that species from the genus Lucilia can sense death and show up right before it even occurs.[5]
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Identification[edit]
- Fritz Konrad Ernst Zumpt Calliphorinae, in Lindner, E. Fliegen Palaearkt. Reg. 64i, 140 p. (1956)
- Fan, C. T. Key to the common synanthropic flies of China. Peking [= Beijing]. xv + 330 p. In Chinese but really excellent illustrations. (1965).
- Kano, R. and Shinonaga, S. Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) (Fauna Japonica), Tokyo Biogeographical Society of Japan, Tokyo.( 1968). In English.
- Lehrer, A. Z., Diptera. Familia Calliphoridae. In: Fauna R.S.R., Insecta, vol. XI,(12), Edit. R.S.R., Bucuresti, 1972, 245 p. In Romanian.
- Rognes, K. Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Volume 24. E. J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd. Leiden.(1991).
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The name green bottle fly or greenbottle fly is applied to numerous species of Calliphoridae or blow fly, in the genera Lucilia and Phaenicia (the latter is sometimes considered a subgenus of the former).
Distribution[edit]
These flies are found in most areas of the world, primarily the Western Hemisphere and especially California and Australia, and the most well-known species is the common greenbottle, Lucilia sericata (or Phaenicia sericata, depending on authority), though there are other common species such as Lucilia caesar, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia coeruleiviridis, and Lucilia illustris.
Uses[edit]
The maggots of this fly are known to preferentially consume dead tissue while leaving live tissue intact, and so have been sold for use in maggot therapy, primarily during the years before the widespread use of antibiotics and medicines and in modern times due to a resurgence of medical literature documenting their effectiveness. These flies are known to lay eggs in cadaver tissue in the wild within hours after death. The developmental stage of their larvae in the cadaver can be used for accurate determination of the time of death.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_bottle_fly&oldid=641599276 |