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Species
Rubus
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Foodplant / gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes gall of stem (esp. base) of Rubus
Foodplant / miner
solitary larva of Agromyza potentillae mines leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza sulfuriceps mines leaf of Rubus
Other: major host/prey
Plant / hibernates / within
naked prepupa of Allantus calceatus hibernates inside hollow stem of Rubus
Plant / hibernates / within
naked prepupa of Allantus rufocinctus hibernates inside hollow twig of Rubus
Foodplant / gall
solitary, hypophyllous Amphorophora rubi causes gall of live, curled leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / gall
larva of Anthonomus rubi causes gall of flower bud of Rubus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Aphis ruborum sucks sap of live leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Arge cyanocrocea grazes on leaf of Rubus
Other: sole host/prey
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
imago of Batophila aerata grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
imago of Batophila rubi grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Betulina fuscostipitata is saprobic on dead leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 7-10
Foodplant / saprobe
sclerotium of Botryotinia fuckeliana is saprobic on debris of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
subiculate pseudothecia of Byssolophis sphaerioides is saprobic on Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
epiphyllous larva of Caliroa cerasi grazes on leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 6-9
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, subsessile apothecium of Calycellina populina is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-3
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Camposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Camposporium cambrense is saprobic on litter of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Camposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Camposporium pellucidum is saprobic on litter of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
solitary or in small groups, erumpent bcoming more or less superficial ascocarp of Capronia pleiospora is saprobic on rotten wood of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara aotearoa is saprobic on dead Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Claremontia alternipes grazes on leaf of Rubus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Compsidolon salicellus sucks sap of Rubus
Remarks: season: 7-10
Foodplant / gall
larva of Contarinia rubicola causes gall of flower bud of Rubus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Coremiella dematiaceous anamorph of Coremiella cubispora is saprobic on Rubus
Remarks: season: 7-10
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crepidotus cesatii is saprobic on decayed, dead stem of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum rilstonii is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
embedded stroma of Cryptodiscus rhopaloides is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 6-11
Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura plicatrix causes gall of leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on wood of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Diaporthe pardalota is saprobic on dead wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-8
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Diaporthe rudis is saprobic on wood of Rubus
Foodplant / gall
larva of Diastrophus rubi causes gall of root of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dictyosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Dictyosporium toruloides is saprobic on rotten wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / pathogen
immersed pseudothecium of Didymella applanata infects and damages live leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes gibbosus causes gall of leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes rubicolens causes gall of leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes silvicola causes gall of leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic perithecium of Eutypella scoparia is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-4
Foodplant / saprobe
sometimes effuse Gliocladium anamorph of Gliocladium roseum is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Gracilia minuta feeds within dead, dry wood (stem) of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Graddonidiscus coruscatus is saprobic on leaf? of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-12
Foodplant / pathogen
immersed pycnidium of Hapalosphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Hapalosphaeria deformans infects and damages live anther of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
clustered, subiculate pseudothecium of Herpotrichia macrotricha is saprobic on fallen branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Hymenoscyphus albopunctus is saprobic on rotting leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-11
Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus calyculus is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 6-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile or subsessile apothecium of Hymenoscyphus epiphyllus is saprobic on litter of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-11
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Hypocrea splendens is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-10
Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Hysterium angustatum is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile or subsessile apothecium of Lachnum misellum is saprobic on damp, dead, fallen, densely shaded leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-10
Foodplant / gall
larva of Lasioptera rubi causes gall of stem of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, gregarious perithecium of Lasiosphaeria caudata is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 7-8
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria ovina is saprobic on Armillaria mellea-decayed wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
usually immersed pseudothecium of Lophiostoma compressum is saprobic on decorticate wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-2
Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Macrophya montana grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Macropsis fuscula sucks sap of live leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Macropsis scotti sucks sap of live leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Macrosiphum funestum sucks sap of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Gonytrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella inaequalis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chloridium dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella preussii is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 11-5
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Menispora ciliata is saprobic on dead wood of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial mycelium of Microthyrium ciliatum var. hederae is saprobic on dead leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia cinerea is saprobic on dead wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia melaleuca is saprobic on dead wood of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Mollisina acerina is saprobic on leaf-litter of Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Monophadnoides geniculatus grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead trunk of Rubus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / parasite
Ovularia anamorph of Ovularia rubi parasitises live leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pegomya rubivora feeds within live shoot tip of Rubus
Plant / associate
imago of Perineura rubi is associated with Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, clustered, short-stalked apothecium of Pezizella vulgaris is saprobic on dead twig of Rubus
Remarks: season: 7-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phaeoisaria dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeoisaria clematidis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Phaeostalagmus dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Phaeostalagmus dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeostalagmus tenuissimus is saprobic on litter of Rubus
Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Phragmidium rubi-idaei parasitises leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 5-10
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph of Phragmocephala elliptica is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 4-10
Foodplant / gall
Phyllocoptes gracilis causes gall of leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Plectania melastoma is saprobic on dead, half-buried stem of Rubus
Remarks: season: 1-6,12
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus brullei grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pristiphora pallidiventris grazes on leaf of Rubus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona sucks sap of thickly encrusted branch (old) of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resinomycena saccharifera is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Rubus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites germanicus feeds within decaying stolon of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Rosellinia aquila is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 2-5
Foodplant / gall
Rubus Stunt phytoplasma causes gall of stem of Rubus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Sitobion fragariae sucks sap of live leaf of Rubus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella hyalosperma var. hyalosperma is saprobic on dead branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 2-10
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium goidanichii is saprobic on dead leaf of Rubus
Plant / associate
imago of Sterictophora furcata is associated with Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Strossmayeria atriseda is saprobic on dead bark of Rubus
Foodplant / visitor
imago of Trichius fasciatus visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Unguiculella foliicola is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Rubus
Remarks: season: 6-12
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, grouped in circles perithecium of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium of Valsa ceratosperma is saprobic on branch of Rubus
Remarks: season: 11-3
Plant / associate
effuse colony of Veronaea dematiaceous anamorph of Veronaea parvispora is associated with Rubus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Virgaria dematiaceous anamorph of Virgaria nigra is saprobic on bark of Rubus
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Rubus.htm |
Rubus species are found in a diverse range of ecosystems, and provide food for numerous species of birds (at least 97 species in North America), mammals (at least 28 species, ranging from small mammals to fur species to hoofed browsers), and insects.
(Martin et al. 1951.)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Jacqueline Courteau, Jacqueline Courteau |
Source | No source database. |
Alice and Campell used the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to build a phylogeny of Rubus. The dataset was comprised of 57 species from 12 subgenera.
Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences, Am. J. Bot., January 1999, vol. 86, no. 1, 81-97
Yang et al. investigated the phylogeny of about 20 species with distributions in east Asian. The authors focused on the subgenera Idaeobatus (14 species). Sequence data of the second intron of the nuclear gene (LEAFY) as well as data from a prevoius study (Yang and Pak 2006) from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a the plastid intergenic spacer trnL-F was used for analysis.
Phylogeny of Korean Rubus (Rosaceae) based on the second intron of the LEAFY gene, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2012, 92(3): 461-472
Phylogeny of Korean Rubus (Rosaceae) based on ITS(nrDNA) and trnL/F intergenic region (cpDNA), Yang and Pak, J. Plant Biol, 2006, 49: 44-54
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Thomas Horn, Thomas Horn |
Source | No source database. |
Adhering to multiple substrates: blackberry
Spines of blackberries adhere to multiple substrates by having a sharp, backward-pointed structure.
"One of the most mobile of plants…is the blackberry. An individual, once established, immediately starts to seek new territory for itself. It puts out exploratory stems…They begin to advance directly and purposefully…Each stem is armed with sharp backward-pointing spines which catch on the ground and snag on vegetation. They clamber over logs and up the faces of rocks. They reach up, hook onto the stems of other plants and scramble over them, overwhelming them." (Attenborough 1995:11)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Attenborough, D. 1995. The Private Life of Plants: A Natural History of Plant Behavior. London: BBC Books. 320 p.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/a5e319b6287cd226e895905b35234990 |
Many Rubus species were important food sources for native peoples of the Northern Hemisphere, who used the fruits and, in some species, the leaves, stems or roots; the berries were also used as a source of dye. The economic importance of this diverse group is hard to assess, as there are so many different species, but the FAO estimates that the total commercial production of raspberries and other berries (not specified, but not including blueberries, cranberries, gooseberries, or strawberries) was 1.4 million metric tons, harvested from 223,190 hectares worldwide. However, this undoubtedly understates the numerous berries produced for local markets and in home gardens.
(Bailey et al. 1976, FAOSTAT 2012.)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Jacqueline Courteau, Jacqueline Courteau |
Source | No source database. |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
A black raspberry is a small berry that weighs between 1 and 2 grams. Commonly known as "blackcaps", the commercial species of black raspberries originated on the east coast of North America, but now is grown predominantly in Oregon. Oregon accounts for over 90% of black raspberry production in the United States.
Black raspberry plants yield significantly less fruit than their red counterparts and also commonly suffer from a Raspberry Mosaic Disease Complex that gives them a shorter life-span than other cane berry plants. Because of this, they can be costly to produce on a large scale.
Contents |
Species
Black raspberry is a common name for three species of the genus Rubus:
- Rubus leucodermis, native to western North America
- Rubus occidentalis, native to eastern North America, the species that is commercially harvested, particularly in the Pacific Northwest, from developed cultivars.
- Rubus coreanus, also known as Korean black raspberry, native to Korea, Japan, and China
Uses
Food
Because black raspberries only can be harvested for around 3 weeks during the year, usually starting at the beginning of July, their fresh market presence is limited. Mostly, black raspberries are made into jams, Individually Quick Frozen, or otherwise processed. Black raspberries contain less sugar and more fiber than most other berries.[citation needed] They can also be found as an ingredient in ice creams and soft drinks due to thier unique name and the flavor of the berry.
Cancer Research
Freeze drying is another common method to preserve black raspberries, and is the form of black raspberries most commonly seen in research. Ohio State University has published multiple research papers using black raspberries on health issues such as colon cancer, esophageal cancer, and even skin cancer. Other universities working with black raspberries include the University of Illinois, the University of Wisconsin, and Louisiana State University. Dr. Gary Stoner, currently at the Medical College of Wisconsin, is heavily involved in much of the research done with black raspberries.
References
Footnotes
Publications on Black Raspberries relationship to Cancer by Dr. Stoner:
1. B.W. Liston, A. Gupta, R. Nines, P.S. Carlton, L.A. Kresty, G.K. Harris and G.D. Stoner. Incidence and effects of Ha-ras codon 12 G->A transition mutations in preneoplastic lesions induced by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) in the rat esophagus. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 32:1-8, 2001.
2. L.A. Kresty, M.A. Morse, C. Morgan, P.S. Carlton, J. Lu, A. Gupta, M. Blackwood and G.D. Stoner Chemoprevention of esophageal tumorigenesis by dietary administration of lyophilized black raspberries. Cancer Res., 61:6112-6119, 2001.
3. C. Huang, J. Li, L. Song, D. Zhang, Q. Tong, M. Ding, L. Bowman, R. Aziz and G.D. Stoner. Black raspberry extracts inhibit benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-induced activator protein 1 activation and vascular endothelial growth factor transcription by targeting the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Cancer Res. 66:581-588, 2006.
4. G.D. Stoner, A. Dombkowski, R.K. Reen, D. Cukovic, S. Salagrama, L-S. Wang, L-S and J.F. Lechner Carcinogen-altered genes in rat esophagus positively modulated to normal levels of expression by both phenethyl isothiocyanate and black raspberries. Cancer Res. 68:6460-64, 2008. G.D. Stoner. Foodstuffs for cancer prevention: The preclinical and clinical development of berries. Cancer Prev. Res. 2:187-92, 2009.
5. L-S Wang, M. Arnold, C. Seguin, C. Sardo, Y-W. Huang, E. Martin, T. H-M. Huang, C. Henry, C. Rocha, K. Stoner, K. Riedl, S. Schwartz, W. Frankel, D. Pearl, A. Buchta, Y. Xu, J. Winston III, Jr. and G.D. Stoner. Modulation of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers of colon cancer in humans by black raspberries: A phase I pilot study (In press, Clin Cancer Res).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_raspberry&oldid=502970156 |
Shrubs. Stems prickly, scrambling or trailing. Stipules free or adnate to base of petiole. Leaves 3-foliolate or imparipinnate with 2-3(-4) pairs of leaflets; upper leaves sometimes simple; leaflets serrate. Flowers in many-flowered racemose or paniculate inflorescences at the ends of the branches. Flowers bisexual, usually 5-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx segments 5. Petals 5, sometimes 0. Stamens numerous. Carpels many. Fruit a head of many 1-seeded drupelets.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=654 |
The 'Marion' cultivar (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus) or Marion blackberry, marketed as marionberry (help·info), is a hybrid caneberry developed by the USDA ARS breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University. It is a cross between the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' berries.[1] The marionberry is currently the most common blackberry cultivar,[2][3] accounting for over half of all blackberries produced in Oregon.[4]
Contents |
Physical description and taste
The marionberry is a vigorously growing trailing vine, usually producing just a few canes up to 20 feet long.[5] The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries. The berry itself is glossy and, as with many blackberries, appears black on the plant but turns a deep, dark purple when frozen and thawed. It is medium in size and tends to be conical, longer than it is wide. The berry has a somewhat tart flavor, fairly earthy with traces of sweetness. It is larger, sweeter and juicier than the 'Evergreen' blackberry. The relative complexity of its flavor has led to a marketing label as the “Cabernet of Blackberries”.[1] The more powerful flavor of the marionberry has led to it dominating current blackberry production. It is often used as an ingredient in pies, ice cream, jellies, jams and other foods, over other blackberries.[citation needed]
Development and cultivation
The marionberry was developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. It was bred by George F. Waldo, as a mix between the small, flavorful 'Chehalem' berry and the larger, better-producing 'Olallie' berry. Both the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' berries are caneberry hybrids as well. Waldo made the initial cross in 1945, selected it as OSC 928 in 1948 in Corvallis, and tested it in Marion County and elsewhere in the Willamette Valley. The berry was released in 1956 under the name Marion, after the county where it was tested extensively. Oregon produces between 28 million and 33 million pounds annually, with Marion County and Willamette Valley collectively accounting for over 90 percent of current production.[4][5] The marionberry's growing conditions are perfectly adapted to the mild, maritime Oregon climate, with its mild rains and warm summers. The berries ripen throughout late spring and early summer. The harvesting season is typically between July 10 and August 10, with a single acre producing up to six tons in a harvest.[1]
Possible state symbol
As of February 2009, the Oregon Legislature has proposed to make the marionberry the official state berry, under House Joint Resolution 11.[6] Although supported by all 90 legislators, the resolution has been delayed by the Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission, as a Washington County farmer named Larry Duyck has objected. Duyck grows the Kotata blackberry, as opposed to the marionberry. He suggests that as the marionberry is already the most produced variety of blackberry, official recognition would boost its sales even more and hurt other varieties. Most legislators have agreed not to press the issue.[4]
Marionberry pedigree
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Raspberry |
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Blackberry |
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Dewberry |
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Pacific blackberry (Rubus ursinus) |
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Loganberry |
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Youngberry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) |
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Santiam berry |
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Chehalem blackberry |
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Olallieberry | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marionberry | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marionberries |
- ^ a b c Oregon Raspberry & Blackberry Commission
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, HortScience 40(7):2175-2178. 2005.
- ^ 'Black Diamond' thornless trailing blackberry
- ^ a b c Janie Har (February 24, 2009). "Push to name a state berry starts rhubarb". OregonLive. http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1235449509274880.xml&coll=7.
- ^ a b Salem History: Commerce
- ^ Resolution 11
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License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marionberry&oldid=458345903 |