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Species
Phalaris
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a condensed, ellipsoid to capitate, spike-like panicle. Spikelets laterally flattened, 1-flowered, but with 1-2 lower sterile, much-reduced florets, disarticulating above the glumes. Glumes equal to subequal, 3-nerved, persistent, strongly keeled, the keel usually winged, completely enclosing the florets. Sterile lemmas very small, scale-like, membranous; fertile lemma 5-nerved, coriaceous to indurate, often glossy, acute.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
| Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=133 |
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial pseudothecium of Acanthostigmella genuflexa is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-7
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha acutipila is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 2-8
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Apiospora montagnei is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / resting place / on
female of Baliothrips biformis may be found on live Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-8
Plant / resting place / on
female of Baliothrips dispar may be found on Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
subiculate apothecium of Calycellina phalaridis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-7
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia nigra may be found in leaf-mine of Phalaris
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas culmicola is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-9
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas tomentosum is saprobic on half-buried stem base of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-2
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Dennisiodiscus prasinus is saprobic on dead, fallen, damp leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum carneolum var. longisporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: (2-)6-8(-10)
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum controversum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-10
Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella alpestris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-11
Foodplant / saprobe
crowded thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 2-5
Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph of Lidophia graminis infects and damages live inflorescence of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-10, esp. 7
Foodplant / saprobe
mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium of Lophiostoma semiliberum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 12-4
Foodplant / saprobe
numerous, often confluent pycnothyrium of Actinothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Lophodermium apiculatum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-8
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina igniaria is saprobic on dry, scorched or burnt Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraploa dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina tetraploa is saprobic on Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, immersed pseudothecium of Massariosphaeria mosana is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-9
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Menispora britannica is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 9-11
Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Microdiscula coelomycetous anamorph of Microdiscula phragmitis is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-11
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile, shielded apothecium of Micropeziza karstenii is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia caricina is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-9
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnothyrium of anamorph of Morenoina phragmitis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Niptera pulla is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-5
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia atra is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-9
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia hispidula is saprobic on dry, dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia minutissima is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria graminis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: spring, summer
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: spring, summer
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead sheath of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-7
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph of Phragmocephala elliptica is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-10
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pseudonapomyza atra feeds within leaf of Phalaris
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, crowded or in rows pycnidium of Pseudoseptoria coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudoseptoria donacis causes spots on sheath of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-7
Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium orthosporum causes spots on live sheath of Phalaris
Foodplant / spot causer
immersed stromatic of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium secalis causes spots on live sheath of Phalaris
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Selandria serva grazes on leaf of Phalaris
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helicosporium anamorph of Tubeufia paludosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-11
Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago striiformis causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Phalaris
Other: minor host/prey
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
| Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Phalaris.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:121
Specimens with Sequences:118
Specimens with Barcodes:65
Species:20
Species With Barcodes:19
Public Records:66
Public Species:19
Public BINs:0
Phalaris is a genus of grasses. Various species of Phalaris grow on every continent except Antarctica. They can be found in a broad range of habitats from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level and from wet marshy areas to dry places. P. arundinacea and P. aquatica are sometimes invasive species in wetlands.
Alkaloids[edit]
Some Phalaris species are toxic to livestock containing gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death.[1][2]
Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids N,N-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). Some research has been done into the variability of alkaloids in the Phalaris grasses. Strains with high levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity. Such high-alkaloid strains include Phalaris aquatica AQ-1 and the species P. brachystachys. Seasonal and weather patterns also appear to affect alkaloid concentration, as most toxicity occurs in autumn and in times of drought. Regrowth after grazing or mowing also shows a considerable increase in alkaloids.
| Species | Total Alkaloids (Dried) | DMT | 5-MeO-DMT | 5-OH-DMT |
| Phalaris aquatica | 0.0007-0.18%[3] | 0.100%[4] | 0.022%[4] | 0.005%[4] |
| Phalaris arundinacea | 0.0004-0.121%[3] | |||
| Phalaris brachystachys | Aerial parts up to 3% | x |
None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in P. californica, P. canariensis, P. minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[3]
Uses[edit]
Some species are used in dried flower arrangements. Phalaris canariensis is commonly used for birdseed.
Phalaris arundinacea is also being trialled as a potential bioenergy crop in Ireland.[5]
Species[edit]
Species include:
- Phalaris amethystina Trin.
- Phalaris angusta - timothy canarygrass
- Phalaris aquatica - bulbous canarygrass, Harding grass, Hardinggrass (syn. Phalaris tuberosa)
- Phalaris arundinacea - reed canary grass, reed canarygrass
- Phalaris brachystachys - shortspike canarygrass
- Phalaris californica - California canarygrass
- Phalaris canariensis - annual canarygrass, common canary grass, common canarygrass
- Phalaris caroliniana - Carolina canarygrass, maygrass, see Eastern Agricultural Complex
- Phalaris coerulescens - sunolgrass
- Phalaris commutata
- Phalaris elongata Braun-Blanq.
- Phalaris lemmonii - Lemmon's canarygrass
- Phalaris minor - canarygrass, littleseed canarygrass
- Phalaris paradoxa - hood canarygrass
- Phalaris platensis Henrard ex Wacht.
- Phalaris truncata Guss. ex Bertol.
References[edit]
- ^ Toxicants of Plant Origin - Google Book Search. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ phalaris pdf - AU Dept. of Agriculture and Food
- ^ a b c Lycaeum
- ^ a b c Erowid Phalaris FAQ
- ^ Reed Canary Grass. Teagasc. 2007.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
| Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalaris_(grass)&oldid=637870574 |