Bromus madritensis L.

Foxtail chess germinates well under the winter temperature regime of southern California [3]. Sunlight may enhance germination at higher temperatures. Freshly harvested red brome seeds are unable to germinate in the dark at temperatures above 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 °C), but freshly harvested seeds  usually germinate in the dark at temperatures between 41 and 59 degrees Fahrenheit (5-15 °C). White light inhibits germination even at low irradiance. Dry storage at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 °C) removes the inhibitory effects of higher temperatures ( > 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 °C)), widening the seeds' temperature range for germination and eliminating their sensitivity to light [28].

Red brome germinates at a less exact rainfall and temperature requirement than native species [11]. In general, fall rains promote germination and establishment . In blackbrush communities of southern Nevada, Beatley [10] found red brome germination followed heavy rains (> 1 inch (3 cm)) between October and December. However, germination is not limited to fall and may occur following heavy spring rains. 

Laude [57] evaluated seedling emergence from freshly harvested and stored red brome seeds, which were were planted in a greenhouse setting and monitored for 28 days. Increased storage time increased percent emergence, with germinants achieving 100% emergence in October, 5 months after mid-June seed collection.

High levels of cadmium and nickel impair emergence of red brome [65].

IV, V, VII, IX

There is taxonomic disagreement about foxtail chess (Bromus madritensis L.) (Poaceae) in the
strict sense. Following the systematics of several authorities, this report uses the scientific name
Bromus madritensis L. for foxtail chess and Bromus rubens L. for red brome [36,47,49,80,82,83].

Some systematists recognize these entities as subspecies of foxtail chess:
the type subspecies (Bromus madritensis ssp. madritensis) and
red brome (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot) [41,46].
There is consensus that the 2 entities are very closely related [1,84], with both
scientific names used in current literature.
This report considers Bromus madritensis in the broad sense. Studies concerning United States populations
of B. rubens may be interpreted as B. m. ssp. rubens [1,84].
Where possible, distinctions are made between foxtail chess (B. madritensis)
and red brome (B. rubens). The common name foxtail chess is used
when discussing the species as a whole, and when literature cited does not distinguish between
foxtail chess and red brome in areas where their distributions overlap (mostly California).
Red brome refers to B. rubens.

More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid