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Species
Iguana iguana Liner 1994
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
The green iguana is one of the best-known reptiles due to its popularity in zoos and with private reptile keepers (3). It has a very distinctive appearance, with a large head, a pronounced dewlap, and an impressive crest of comb-like spines that runs down the centre of the back and tail (3) (5), measuring around three centimetres high (2). While, like its name suggests, this iguana is usually a shade of green, (from dull, grassy green to vivid turquoise), bright orange individuals may occur in the northern parts of its range (3), and the colour may also vary with temperature, particularly when young, being bright green when hot and dull and dark when cold (2). The green iguana's scaly skin is either uniformly coloured, or bears blackish stripes or a contrasting brownish pattern (3). Prominent large, circular scales are present on the lower jaw below the clearly visible tympanum. Male green iguanas can be distinguished from females by the more pronounced spiny crest and larger head (5), the more noticeable femoral pores (2), and the broader cloaca opening (6).
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Within three years, a young, 12 gram hatchling iguana can become a 1 kg adult (de Vosjoli, 1992). Upon hatching, the length of green iguanas ranges from 17 to 25 cm. Most mature iguanas weigh between 4 and 6 kg, but some in South America, with proper diet can reach up to 8 kg. These large lizards can reach head to tail lengths of around 2 m.
Although called green iguanas, these animals are actually variable in color. The adults become more uniform in color with age, whereas the young may appear more blotchy or banded between green and brown. Color of an individual may also vary based upon its mood, temperature, health, or social status. Such color alteration may aide these animals in thermoregulation. In the morning, while body temperature is low, skin color will be darker, helping the lizard to absorb heat from sunlight. However, as the hot mid-day sun radiates upon them, these animals become lighter or paler, helping to reflect the sun rays and minimizing the heat absorbed. Active dominant iguanas usually have a darker color than lower-ranked iguanas living the same environment (Frye, 1995). Most color variation seen in this species is exhibited by males, and may be attributed in part to sex steroids. Six to eight weeks prior to and during courtship, males may acquire a bright orange or gold hue, although coloration is still related to dominance status (Frye, 1995). Mature females, for the most part, retain their green coloring.
Other distinguishing features of this species include a pendulous dewlap under the throat, a dorsal crest made up of dermal spines that run from the mid neck to the tail base, and a long tapering tail. The dewlap is more developed in adult males than females. Extensions of the hyoid bones stiffen and support the leading edge of this structure, which is used in territorial defense or when the animal is frightened. This fleshy structure also serves in heat absorption and dissipation when it is extended.
The laterally situated eyes are protected mainly by a immovable eyelid and freely mobile lower eyelid (Oldham and Smith, 1975). On the dorsal midline of the skull behind the eyes is a parietal eye. This sense organ, although not a true "eye," serves as a meter for solar energy, and aids in the maturation of sex organs, thyroid gland, and endocrine glands (Frye, 1995). The visual effect of this "eye" is mostly limited to the detection of predatory shadows from above.
The scales or plates on the head are larger and more irregular than the scales on the rest of the body. Below the tympanum there is a large rounded scale called the subtympanic plate.
Range mass: 4 to 8 kg.
Average mass: 7 kg.
Range length: 2 (high) m.
Average length: 1.75 m.
Other Physical Features: heterothermic
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful; ornamentation
- De Vosjoli, P. 1992. The Green Iguana Mannual. Lakeside, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems.
- Frye, F. 1995. Iguana Iguana, Guide for Successful Captive Care. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
- Oldham, J., H. Smith. 1975. Laboratory Anatomy of the Iguana. Dubuque, Iowa: WM. C. Brown Company.
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Iguana iguana is primarily herbivorous, consuming leafy plants and ripe fruits as preferred dietary items. A small percentage of invertebrate matter and carrion is also typically consumed (Gingell and Harding 2005).
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Source | http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Iguana_iguana.htm |
Es una especie ovípara, el apareamiento ocurre aparentemente en el invierno entre los meses de octubre a diciembre ya que se han encontrado hembras grávidas en los meses de enero, febrero y marzo. La anidación ocurre en los meses de febrero a mayo, para esto, se desplazan a las playas o sitios abiertos cercanos donde excavan un túnel en el cual depositan los huevos y salen por el lado opuesto. El tamaño de la nidada varia de entre 15 y 60 o más dependiendo de el tamaño y edad de la hembra. Una vez terminado lo visita los días posteriores hasta que pierde el interés y lo abandona finalmente. El nacimiento de las crías ocurre cerca de 90 días después de la puesta que generalmente inicia en el mes de junio. Las crías salen del nido y son idénticas a los adultos (Fitch y Henderson, 1977; Álvarez del Toro, 1982; Lee, 1996; Villareal y Vogt, 1997; Campbell, 1998). A diferencia de la mayoría de las especies de lagartos de las zonas tropicales I. iguana se reproduce solo una vez por año (Fitch y Henderson, 1977; Muñoz et al, 1996).
Fecundidad
En los estudios realizados en Los Tuxtlas se experimentó con la incubación de los huevos de esta especie, sin embargo se observó que la taza mas alta de sobrevivencia la obtuvieron utilizando jaulas en sus nidos naturales, con lo que se obtuvo un 100 de sobrevivencia de los huevos (Villareal y Vogt, 1997).
Proporción sexual
De acuerdo a Fitch y Henderson (1977), en una población de Centroamérica se tomó una muestra total de 343 organismos, de los cuales 169 fueron hembras y 174 machos, lo que sugiere una proporción sexual muy cercana al 1:1, sin embargo no se obtuvo información sobre alguna población en México.
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Management Requirements: Bock and McCracken (1988) recommended that genetic structure of populations be considered when selecting breeding stock for reintroduction efforts. See Phillips et al. (1990) for information on egg incubation methods that maximize size of offspring for release into the wild.
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Length: 200 cm
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In addition to helping disperse seeds, iguanas provide a source of food for larger predatory animals, including humans. Like other amphibians and reptiles, iguanas can be indicators of environmental changes (Kaplan, 2002). Reptiles are more sensitive to environmental changes than are humans, and by watching their responses, we can be alerted to possible problems before they are large enough for us to detect with our own senses.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
- Phillips, J. 1990. Iguana iguana: a model species for studying the ontogeny of behavior/hormone interactions. Exp Zool Suppl, 4: 167-169. Accessed January 03, 2005 at http://www.anapsid.org/iguana/sight2.html.
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Iguana_iguana/ |
Las iguanas verdes son ovíparas y son quizá la especie más prolífica de todas las lagartijas de Costa Rica. El promedio de huevos por nidada es de 40,6. El número de huevos por nido varía de 9 a 71, estando positivamente correlacionado con el tamaño de la hembra. El nido consiste en una cueva horizontal de hasta 2 metros de largo y hasta a 50 centímetros de profundidad que ubican en bancos arenosos sobre todo en las riveras de los ríos.
Needs: See Fitch and Henderson (1977) for brief discussion of conservation issues.
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Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
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Relevancia de la especie
La relevancia de la especie es amplia, biológicamente se sabe que es un especie que como consumidor primario ayuda a la dispersión de semillas y frutos de algunos árboles, a su vez forma parte de la dieta de otros carnívoros mayores, entre estos el hombre. En muchas de las comunidades costeras del país acostumbran comer a la especie como una importante fuente de proteína, además, se cree que su sangre y huevos contienen mucha energía y ayudan a prevenir ciertas enfermedades como la anemia. También se utiliza la piel de este reptil y en varias partes se diseca y vende como ornamento (Álvarez del Toro, 1982; Góngora-Arones, 1987, Villareal y Vogt, 1997).
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Rights holder/Author | CONABIO |
Source | http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/ise/fichasnom/Iguanaiguana00.pdf |