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Species
Penaeus monodon Fabricus, J.C. 1798
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
This species is known by a variety of common names. The most common name is giant tiger prawn (shrimp). However, they are also called Asian prawn shrimp, ghost prawn, and grass shrimp.
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The lifespan for wild and captive giant tiger prawns is about 2 years, though it has been suggested that individuals introduced into the Gulf of Mexico have a lifespan closer to 3 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 2 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 2 years.
- Institute for the Study of Invasive Species, 2011. "Penaeus monodon" (On-line). Accessed February 24, 2012 at http://www.tsusinvasives.org/database/black-tiger-shrimp.html.
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Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
Giant tiger prawns are known to mate prior to ovarian maturation; females store sperm in sacs within their closed thelycum until eggs are fully mature. Although little is known regarding specific mating behaviors, it has been noted that this species mates nocturnally, in off-shore waters, shortly after females have molted and their carapaces are still soft (males typically still have hard carapaces during breeding). Copulation begins with a male swimming parallel to a female. The male bends his body and first pair of pleopods with the petasma (caught by the appendix masculina) stretched vertically down, in order to facilitate the forward swinging of the second pair of pleopods. The first pair of pleopods pulls apart the petasmal halves, preventing the loss of sperm during copulation. The pair then takes an abdomen-to-abdomen position. The female exerts pressure on the male's petasma using her 4th pair of pereiopods and a spermatophore (sac of sperm) is thrust into her thyelycum, after which the pair separate. A majority of adult individuals copulate more than once; females are known to spawn 4 times during their lives, at carapace lengths of 50, 62, 66, and 72 mm.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
It is difficult to estimate age at sexual maturity, but males become mature upon reaching an average carapace size of 37 mm, females at 47 mm. Females can produce 248,000-810,000 eggs at a time and are known to spawn up to four times during their lifespan. Once eggs are mature, they are expelled in a greenish-white cloud, along with stored spermatophores, into the ocean where external fertilization occurs. Eggs range in size from 0.27-0.31 mm.
Breeding interval: Females spawn 4 times during their lifespan at carapace lengths of 50, 62, 66, and 72 mm. It is unknown how many times males mate.
Breeding season: This species breeds year round.
Range number of offspring: 248,000 to 810,000.
Range gestation period: 12 to 15 hours.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous ; sperm-storing ; delayed fertilization
Males exhibit no parental involvement after mating. Females invest by yolking and protecting eggs while they are still in their bodies. They exhibit no further parental involvement once eggs and sperm have been released.
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
- Dall, W., B. Hill, P. Rothlisberg, D. Sharples. 1991. Advances in Marine Biology. Queensland, Australia: Academic Press. Accessed March 15, 2012 at http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science/bookseries/00652881/27.
- FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2012. "Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. About us - Fisheries and Aquaculture Department" (On-line). Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Penaeus_monodon/en.
- Motoh, H. 1981. Studies on the fisheries biology of the giant tigen prawn, Penaeus monodon in the Philippines. Tigbauan, Philippines: Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
- New South Wales Government, 2009. "Prawns - aquaculture prospects" (On-line). Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/aquaculture/publications/species-saltwater/prawns.
- State of New South Wales through Department of Industry and Investment, 2010. "Biology and Life cycle of prawns" (On-line). Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/aquaculture/publications/species-saltwater/prawns.
- Yano, I., R. Kanna, R. Oyama, J. Wyban. 1988. Mating behavior in the penaeid shrimp Pennaeus vannamei. Marine Biology, 97: 171-175. Accessed March 21, 2012 at http://wenku.baidu.com/view/6a6c9c6eaf1ffc4ffe47ac5f.html.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 2 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 113
Specimens with Barcodes: 125
Species With Barcodes: 1
This species has no special conservation status.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
- IUCN, 2012. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed February 04, 2013 at www.iucnredlist.org.
- 2013. "Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798" (On-line). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed January 30, 2013 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search.
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
This species is invasive in waters around the United States. Diseases carried by giant tiger prawns are highly contagious and can infect native shrimp populations, harming local fishing industries.
It has been estimated that up to 38% of native mangrove forests in Asia have been destroyed to be converted into ponds for shrimp farming, triggering erosion and harming habitat for mollusks and many other species, including shorebirds. Farming pools are sprayed with many chemicals and antibiotics to maximize shrimp production and these chemicals can enter natural waterways, harming animals and humans alike. These pools are often abandoned after a few years and there is typically no effort to return these lands to their original conditions.
- GreenPeace, 2012. "Shrimp Farming" (On-line). Accessed February 22, 2012 at http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/oceans/aquaculture/shrimp-farming/.
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
Giant tiger prawns are native to the coasts of the Arabian peninsula and the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Australia, Indonesia, south and southeast Asia, and South Africa. They were accidentally introduced to the United States off the coast of South Carolina in 1988, by an unexpected release from an aquaculture center. They had spread as far south as Florida's coastline by 1990 and, since 2006, have been found in the Gulf of Mexico; they are found along the coastlines of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Introduced ); pacific ocean (Native )
- Duda, T., S. Palumbi. 1999. Population structure of the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, among western Indian Ocean and western Pacific populations. Marine Biology, 134: 705-710. Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/4avy2kyfja0967uf/.
- FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2012. "Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. About us - Fisheries and Aquaculture Department" (On-line). Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Penaeus_monodon/en.
- Knott, D., P. Fuller, A. Benson, M. Neilson. 2011. "NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species" (On-line). Accessed February 09, 2012 at http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1209.
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 2008. "South Carolina Aquatic Invasive Species MANAGEMENT PLAN" (On-line). Accessed February 09, 2012 at http://www.dnr.sc.gov/invasiveweeds/aisfiles/SCAISplan.pdf.
- Xu, Z., J. Primavera, L. de la Pena, P. Pettit, J. Belak, A. Alcivar-Warren. 2001. Genetic diversity of wild and cultured Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the Philippines using microsatellites. Aquaculture, 199: 13-40. Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848600005354.
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Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
Farming of Giant tiger prawns constitutes 47% of total world shrimp production giving it significant economic importance, particularly in Asian countries. With a high demand in Asian and international markets, building and running farms to produce these shrimp can be highly profitable and create many jobs.
Positive Impacts: food
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2012. "Farmed Shrimp Seafood Watch" (On-line). Accessed February 09, 2012 at http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?gid=58.
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Penaeus_monodon/ |
Penaeus monodon, the giant tiger prawn[1][2] or Asian tiger shrimp[3][4] (and also known by other common names), is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.
Contents
Distribution[edit]
Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Sea of Japan, and northern Australia.[5]
It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico.[4]
Description[edit]
Females can reach approximately 33 centimetres (13 in) long, but are typically 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and weight 200–320 grams (7–11 oz); males are slightly smaller at 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long and weighing 100–170 g (3.5–6.0 oz).[1]
Aquaculture[edit]
Penaeus monodon is the second most widely cultured prawn species in the world, after only whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.[1] In 2009, 770,000 tonnes were produced, with a total value of US$3,650,000,000.[1]
Sustainable consumption[edit]
In 2010, Greenpeace added Penaeus monodon to its seafood red list – "a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries".[6] The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, over-fishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms, and significant human rights abuses".[6]
Taxonomy[edit]
Penaeus monodon was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked for a long time, however, until 1949, when Lipke Holthuis clarified which species it referred to.[7] Holthuis also showed that P. monodon had to be the type species of the genus Penaeus.[7]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penaeus monodon. |
- ^ a b c d e "Species Fact Sheets: Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798)". FAO Species Identification and Data Programme (SIDP). FAO. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
- ^ "Giant Tiger Prawn". Sea Grant Extension Project. Louisiana State University. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ "Penaeus monodon". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. United States Geological Survey. 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ a b Tresaugue, Matthew (2011-12-24). "Giant shrimp raises big concern as it invades the Gulf". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ L. B. Holthuis (1980). "Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon". Shrimps and Prawns of the World. An Annotated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries. FAO Species Catalogue 1. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 50. ISBN 92-5-100896-5.
- ^ a b "Greenpeace International Seafood Red list". Greenpeace. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
- ^ a b L. B. Holthuis (1949). "The identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr." (PDF). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akadademie van Wetenschappen 52 (9): 1051–1057.
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