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Species
Salmo salar lacustris Hardin, 1862
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The major difference between Atlantic and Pacific salmon is that Atlantic salmon may spawn more than once while Pacific salmon die soon after one spawn. Long ago, some people made boots out of salmon skin!
The Atlantic salmon's sense of smell is 1000 times greater than that of a dog (Maynor, 1996).
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Salmo_salar/ |
This taxon is one of a number of benthopelagic species, whose habitat includes the Seine River system of Western Europe. Benthopelagic fish are found near the bottom of the water column, feeding on benthos and zooplankton
The Marne and Yonne exhibit the greatest torrential flows, due to the percentage of their courses underlain by impermeable strata, in combination with the river gradients. Although the Loing manifests the highest percentage of impermeable strata of all the tributaries, its low gradient mitigates against torrential velocities. Thus the majority of the Seine and its tributaries exhibit a relaxed generally even flow rate.
Seine water pollutant loads of heavy metals, nutrients, sediment and bacteria are relatively high, especially influnced by wastewater and surface runoff from Paris and its suburbs. Parisian pollutant loadings are noted to be particularly high during periods of high rainfall, not only due to high runoff, but also from the inadequate sewage treatment facilities in periods of high combined wastewater/stormwater flow.
Heavy metal concentrations at Poses weir reveal the following levels: copper, 1.9 milligrams per liter; cadmium, 32 mg/l; and lead, 456 mg/l. Concentrations of zinc are also quite high, making the Seine Estuary one of the most highly contaminated estuaries in the world with respect especially to lead and cadmium. Significant amounts of toxic pollutants are also attached to sediments deposited in the Seine during the last two centuries, including mercury, nickel, chromium, toluene, DDT and a variety of herbicides and pesticides. Downriver from Paris, significant quantites of ammonium are discharged into the Seine from effluent of the Achères wastewater treatment plant.
There are a total of 37 fish species inhabiting the Seine, and another two taxa that are known to have been extirpated in modern times. Two of the largest aquatic fauna known to have lived in the Seine are now locally extinct: the 500 centimeter (cm) long sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) and the 83 cm long allis shad (Alosa alosa).
The largest bentho-pelagic species occurring in the Seine are:
* the introduced 105 cm silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix);
* the native 120 cm barbel (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix);
* the native 150 cm Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); and,
* the native 500 cm Wels catfish (Silurus glanis).
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Rights holder/Author | Non-commercial use with attribution |
Source | http://www.eoearth.org/article/Seine_River?topic=78166 |
De zalm kan flinke afmetingen bereiken, hij wordt maximaal 1,50 meter lang. Zalmen eten haring, spiering en kreeftachtigen. Een zalm brengt zijn eerste levensjaren door in zoet water, daarna trekken ze naar zee. Na 1 tot 3 jaar in zee trekken ze terug naar de plaats waar ze zijn geboren om daar te paaien. Over hun verblijfplaats op zee is nog niet veel bekend. Uit vangst van gemerkte exemplaren blijkt dat een groot aantal zalmen naar de Groenlandse wateren trekt, duizenden kilometers van hun paaiplaatsen.
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Rights holder/Author | Ecomare |
Source | http://www.ecomare.nl/index.php?id=3889&L=2 |
Sea-run Atlantic salmon usually attain a larger size than do landlocked (those living in entirely fresh water) salmon. Sea-run salmon range from 2.3 to 9.1 kg and commercially caught fish average 4.5 to 5.4 kg. The world record rod-caught Atlantic salmon weighed 35.89 kg and was caught in the Tana River of Norway.
The adult Atlantic salmon is a graceful fish, deepening rearward from a small pointed head to the deepest point under the dorsal fin, then tapering to a slender caudal peduncle which supports a spreading and slightly emarginate caudal fin. Atlantic salmon are distinguished from the Pacific salmon because they have fewer than 13 rays in the anal fin. Their mouth is moderately large. The shape, length of head, and depth of body vary with each stage of sexual maturity.
Color varies with age of this fish. Small "parr," older young salmon, have 8 to 11 pigmented bars, or "parr marks," along each side of their body, alternating with a single row of red spots along the lateral line. These markings are lost when the "smolt" age is reached. Salmon in the sea are silvery on the sides and belly, while the back varies with shades of brown, green, and blue. Atlantic salmon also have numerous black spots, usually "X"-shaped and scattered around the body. When spawning, both sexes take on an overall bronze-purple coloration and may acquire reddish spots on the head and body. After spawning, the "kelts" are so dark in color that these fish are also called "black salmon"
(Eddy and Underhill, 1974; Bigelow, 1963; Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Range mass: 2.3 to 35.89 kg.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Salmo_salar/ |
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Maximum longevity: 13 years (wild) Observations: Like in many other salmonid species, most animals die after spawning (Patnaik et al. 1994). While most animals return to spawn in rivers, however, there are alternative life histories: parr and jacks have a small body size and mature early, yet while jacks return early to spawn from the ocean, parr never migrate and can survive reproduction and breed again (Hutchings and Myers 1994). Unverified estimates suggest these animals may live up to 14 years (http://www.fishbase.org/).+p Interestingly, one study showed that animals infected with a Pearl mussel parasite live longer, have a lower cancer incidence, and avoid the typical "programmed death" that follows reproduction possibly because the parasite needs the salmon to live one more year to complete its life cycle (Ziuganov 2005).
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Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002 - 2009 by Joao Pedro de Magalhaes |
Source | http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Salmo_salar |
Comments: Native U.S. populations south of Maine are essentially extirpated due primarily to the effects of dams and water pollution; excessive harvest of adults by humans, stream acidification, sedimentation of spawning and holding habitat, and possibly changes in water temperature regimes contributed to the decline in some areas. Evidence from New England indicates that landlocked populations of Atlantic salmon may be negatively influenced as abundance of northern pike and/or Esox hybrids increases. In the U.S., some of these threats have been alleviated; water quality has improved in recent decades, and fish ladders have been constructed at many dams; reintroduction programs are in progress. Poor marine survival continues to result in reduced returns to U.S. rivers (USFWS 1995, Anderson et al. 2000); depletion of forage species by commercial fisheries and freshwater exposure of juveniles to an endocrine disrupter (leads to mortality in marine phase) are suggested possible causes. Escaped farmed salmon may pose a threat to native populations in coastal Maine rivers (USFWS 1995). See USFWS (1995), NMFS (Federal Register, 29 September 1995), Colligan and Nickerson (1996), and Anderson et al. (2000) for further information on threats to North American populations.
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Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Salmo+salar |
This species has been introduced or released in Dutch waters.
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Rights holder/Author | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License |
Source | http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127186 |
Salmon can grow very large: up to 1.5 meters long. They eat herring, smelt and crustaceans. The first years of life is spent in fresh water, after which they migrate to sea. After 1 to 3 years at sea, they migrate back to their place of birth to spawn. There is little known about where they stay at sea. From marked specimen, it appears that a large number of salmon migrate to waters around Greenland, thousands of kilometers from their spawning grounds.
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Rights holder/Author | Ecomare |
Source | http://www.ecomare.nl/index.php?id=3889&L=2 |
Dorsal spines (total): 3 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 15; Anal spines: 3 - 4; Analsoft rays: 7 - 11; Vertebrae: 58 - 61
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Rights holder/Author | Rainer Froese, FishBase |
Source | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 |