Pterygoplichthys

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Pterygoplichthys:

Pterygoplichthys or commonly known as Janitor fish is a genus of South American armored catfishes.[1] These fish are commonly known as sailfin armoured catfish or sailfin plecs.



Etymology[edit]

Pterygoplichthys is derived from the Greek πτέρυγ- (pteryg-), meaning "wing", (hoplon) - weapon and ἰχθύς (ichthys) meaning "fish".

Taxonomy[edit]

Pterygoplichthys has undergone much shifting in the past decades. Previously Liposarcus, Glyptoperichthys and Pterygoplichthys had been named as separate genera.[2][3] Since then, these genera were recognized as synonyms of Pterygoplichthys by Armbruster, as the few differences between the genera were not deemed great enough to validate Glyptoperichthys and Liposarcus, and that recognizing these separate genera would leave neither Pterygoplichthys nor Glyptoperichthys as monophyletic.[4][5]

Species[edit]

There are currently 16 recognized species in this genus: [6]

Appearance and anatomy[edit]


In P. gibbiceps, a crest exists over the back of the skull that was used to diagnose Glyptoperichthys species from Pterygoplichthys species.

Pterygoplichthys can be differentiated from most other loricariids due to their large dorsal fins with 9 or more (usually 10) dorsal fin rays, which gives them their common name "sailfin catfish".[7] These fish have rows of armour plating covering the body; the abdomen is almost completely covered in small plates.[5] Other characteristics of members of this genus include an underslung suckermouth, evertable cheek plates, adipose fin present, and an enlarged stomach connected to the dorsal abdominal wall by a connective tissue sheet. P. anisitsi, P. disjunctivus, P. multiradiatus, and P. pardalis lack cheek odontodes, but still possess the evertible cheek plates; this was previously used as a trait to determine these fish as part of the genus Liposarcus.[5] Species of the P. gibbiceps group (species formerly classified in the genus Glyptoperichthys) are easily recognized by a large crest above the back of their skull.[5]

Color pattern is generally dark brown with either darker spots or lighter spots or vermiculations.[5] The adult size of a member of Pterygoplichthys can range from about 50–70 cm.

The stomach of Pterygoplichthys is greatly expanded with the posterior portion forming a long, thin sac that is highly vascularized.[8]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Pterygoplichthys' habitat is most common in sluggish streams, floodplain lakes, and marshes. They are known from the Orinoco, Amazon, Magdalena, Maracaibo, Paraná, Parnaíba and São Francisco systems.[5][9]

These fish have been introduced into many locations. Several species of Pterygoplichthys have been established in the United States in Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, and Texas.[10] Established species include P. multiradiatus in Florida and Hawaii, P. disjunctivus in Florida, and P. anisitsi in Texas.[11] Sailfin catfish are one of the more successful established exotic fish in Florida in terms of their range extension and abundance, yet their presence has not had any measurable effect on native fishes, although they have contributed significantly to the carrying capacity of some fish communities. Moreover, none of the 30 professional water managers, engineers, lake management, and shoreline stabilization company owners contacted in 2004 by a particular study considered erosion caused by the burrowing activity of loricariid catfishes a major problem, except in some man-made lakes in the southeastern part of the state.[12]

In Mexico, P. multiradiatus is established in Campeche, Chiapas, and other localities in central and western Mexico, while P. pardalis has been found in southeastern Mexico.[13] In the Philippines, where these fish are known as janitor fish, P. disjunctivus and P. pardalis have been found, these fish are considered a threat to the freshwater fish population; they are found in the Marikina River and Laguna de Bay.[10]P. multiradiatus has also been established in Puerto Rico and Taiwan.[14][15]

Ecology[edit]

Their primary food is plant matter. Their diet consists of algae, aufwuchs, general plant matter and possibly carrion. They are grazing animals or scavengers as opposed to predator fish.

Pterygoplichthys are known for being kept out of water and sold alive in fish markets, surviving up to 30 hours out of water.[8] Males excavate tunnels into mud banks where eggs are laid.[5]

In the aquarium[edit]


Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus, often sold as a common pleco, is an aquarium fish often purchased as an algae eater.

P. gibbiceps has been bred commercially in fish farms in Florida and Malaysia for the aquarium trade. P. multiradiatus and P. pardalis are both known as common plecos and are widely sold as algae eaters. However, most of them grow too large to be housed in an average home aquarium. In fact, in the wild, the Common Pleco can well exceed 2 feet in length, and, as well as growing large, they also produce a lot of waste that can pollute the water.

Trivia[edit]

  • Pterygoplichthys is an exact anagram of Glyptoperichthys.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Pterygoplichthys in FishBase. December 2011 version.
  2. ^ C. Weber (1991). "Nouveaux taxa dans Pterygoplichthys sensu lato (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)". Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 
  3. ^ C. Weber (1992). "Révision du genre Pterygoplichthys sensu lato". Revue Francaise díAquariologie Herpétologie. 
  4. ^ "Jonathan W. Armbruster" (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae (abstract)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Armbruster, Jonathan W. "Pterygoplichthys (Gill, 1858)". 
  6. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of XXXXX in FishBase. December 2011 version.
  7. ^ Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Page, Lawrence M. (2006). "Redescription of Pterygoplichthys punctatus and description of a new species of Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 4 (4): 401–409. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000400003. 
  8. ^ a b "Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes" (PDF). Copeia (3): 663–675. 1998. Retrieved 2009-06-25. 
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Pterygoplichthys parnaibae" in FishBase. May 2013 version.
  10. ^ a b Chavez, Joel M.; de la Paz, Reynaldo M.; Manohar, Surya Krishna; Pagulayan, Roberto C.; Carandang Vi, Jose R. (2006). "New Philippine record of South American sailfin catfishes (Pisces: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 1109: 57–68. Retrieved 2009-06-25.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
  11. ^ Nico, Leo G.; Martin, R. Trent (March 2001). "The South American Suckermouth Armored Catfish, Pterygoplichthys anisitsi (Pisces: Loricaridae), in Texas, with Comments on Foreign Fish Introductions in the American Southwest". The Southwestern Naturalist 46 (1): 98–104. doi:10.2307/3672381. JSTOR 3672381. 
  12. ^ Gestring, Kelly; Shafland, Paul; Stanford, Murray (2006). "The status of loricariid catfishes in Florida with emphasis on sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus) (abstract)". Merida, Mexico. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 
  13. ^ Wakida-Kusunokia, Armando T.; Ruiz-Carusb, Ramon; Amador-del-Angelc, Enrique (March 2007). "Amazon Sailfin Catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) (Loricariidae), Another Exotic Species Established in Southeastern Mexico". The Southwestern Naturalist 52 (1): 141–144. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[141:ASCPPC]2.0.CO;2. 
  14. ^ Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Williams, Ernest H., Jr.; Lilystrom, Craig G.; Corujo-Flores, Iris; Zerbi, Alfonso J.; Aliaume, Catherine; Churchill, Timothy N. (1994). "The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, Liposarcus multiradiatus (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science 30 (1–2): 90–94. Retrieved 2009-06-25.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
  15. ^ Liang, Shih-Hsiung; Wu, Hsiao-Ping; Shieh, Bao-Sen (2005). "Size Structure, Reproductive Phenology, and Sex Ratio of an Exotic Armored Catfish (Liposarcus multiradiatus) in the Kaoping River of Southern Taiwan" (PDF). Zoological Studies 44 (2): 252–259. Retrieved 2009-06-25. 
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pterygoplichthys&oldid=630896318

In 2002, news reports of an introduced suckermouth armored catfish being caught in the waters of Laguna de Bay were published. The reports said that the fish was proliferating in the lake and was interfering in fishing-related activities. Apparently, the fish was being blamed for the decrease in the marketable fish catch from the lake either by replacing the usual fishes harvested or by destroying fishing nets and cages. Some national and local government agencies have also expressed concern over this problem because of the possible negative effects the fish may have on the lakes ecosystem.

The Laguna de Bay is the largest inland body of water in the Philippines and one of the largest lakes in Southeast Asia. It serves a number of agro-industrial purposes that benefit about 11 million Filipinos. Fisheries are its main use, and approximately 3 million people depend upon the lake for a living.

The fish is locally known as “janitor fish”, a moniker the fish earned because of its habit of eating algae in the tank, thus keeping the glass clean. Some reports putatively identified the janitor fish as Hypostomus plecostomus . No taxonomic records of the janitor fish in Laguna de Bay have been published, and locally available materials on the fish are minimal. A taxonomic and biogeographic investigation on the janitor fish in Laguna de Bay was conducted.

Methodology

Specimens were collected from five sites in and around the Laguna de Bay basin: Marikina River in Marikina and Pasig Cities; Pasig River in the City of Manila; Catmon Creek in Bay, Laguna; Banilad Creek in Siniloan, Laguna; and Laguna de Bay in San Pedro, Laguna. The institutional abbreviation DLSU ZC-F , which stands for De La Salle University Zoological Collection-Fishes, was used to catalog specimens.

Nineteen meristic and 37 morphometric characters of the specimens were examined in accordance with the methods of Armbruster (2003a) and Armbruster and Page (1996). When possible, counts and measurements were made on the left side of the body. Distances were measured in millimeters using dial calipers and were converted to ratios of the standard length or head length. Data collected were compared with published and online literature (Armbruster 1997, 1998, 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b, 2004; Armbruster & Hardman, 1999; Armbruster & Page, 1996; Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000; Armbruster et al, 2000; Weber, 1992) on Loricariidae . To compare our morphometric data with those of Weber (1992), the ratios of standard length or head length over the measured distances were computed. Other external features and coloration were also examined and compared.

Results and Discussion

The genus of the janitor fish was determined using the key by Armbruster (2002b) to the genera of family Loricariidae . Use of the key suggested that the janitor fish from Laguna de Bay belongs to the genus Pterygoplichthys ZBK (Gill 1858) and is not Hypostomus plecostomus as reported earlier. The identification of species was based on the key to the genus Pterygoplichthys ZBK sensu lato of Weber (1992) and other descriptions by Drs. Jonathan Armbruster and Claude Weber (personal communication). Nomenclature of species follows Armbruster (2004). Based on the observed coloration of 193 specimens, apparently two species of Pterygoplichthys ZBK (Gill 1858) can be found in the Laguna de Bay basin : Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber 1991) and Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855) (Figs. 1 and 2).

FIGURE 1. Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus from Laguna de Bay ( DLSU ZC-F 51001 . SL 295.0 mm. Collected by J. R. Carandang. Photo by J.M. Chavez)

Table 1 summarizes the range of variation of 16 meristic characters for the two species. Adipose fin is present in all specimens. Dentary teeth are as follows: P. disjunctivus 3-37 (mode=18); P. pardalis 3-42 (mode=24). Premaxillary teeth: P. disjunctivus 6-40 (mode=20); P. pardalis 3-40 (mode=25). Selected morphometrics of the fish samples are shown in Table 2.

Little variation in meristic counts and morphometric measurements for the two species was found when compared to data reported by Weber (2002), although a larger orbital diameter was noted among specimens of P. disjunctivus collected from Marikina River (Table 3).

Most of the samples have a base color of light gray usually becoming lighter towards the ventral side. Some have a dark brown base color while a few are light brown. Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus was distinguished from P. pardalis by the typical dark vermiculations on a light background (Fig. 3A). However, some variations on this pattern were observed. Some specimens exhibit variations in the thickness of the light and dark patterns (Fig. 3B) (n=14). Some specimens have the coalescent patterns on the abdomen only, these becoming spots towards the head or vent or both (Fig. 3C) (n=21). Pterygoplichthys pardalis has body coloration, particularly on the abdomen, consisting of dark spots on an otherwise light background (Fig. 4). The heads of both species exhibit linear patterns forming geometric shapes.

TABLE 1. Meristic characteristics of Pterygoplichthys ZBK species caught in the Laguna de Bay area.


Characters Count % P. disjunctivus % P. pardalis
(N=96) (N=97)
Dorsal fin rays 10 16.8 9.3
11 58.9 41.2
12 21.1* 44.3*
13 2.1 5.2
14 1.1 0.0
Anal fin rays 3 1.1 0.0
4 96.8 99.0
5 2.1 1.0
Caudal fin rays 13 10.5 4.1
14 89.5 94.8
15 0.0 1.0
Pectoral fin rays 5 0.0 3.1
6 95.8 96.9
7 4.2 0.0
Pelvic fin rays 5 96.8 99.0
6 3.2 1.0
Lateral line plates 27 6.3 5.2
28 54.7 42.3
29 23.2* 43.3*
30 15.8 9.3
Abdominal plates 4 0.0 6.2
5 43.2 73.2
6 55.8 20.6
7 1.1 0.0
Dorsal plates 3 94.7 99.0
4 5.3 1.0
Plates on dorsal interradial membrane 11 5.3 7.2
12 91.6 85.6
13 3.2 7.2
Plates on anal interradial membrane 2 93.7 70.1
3 6.3 29.9

(to be continued)

TABLE 1 (continue)


Characters Count % P. disjunctivus % P. pardalis
(N=96) (N=97)
Plates on pectoral interradial membrane 1 98.9 100.0
2 1.1 0.0
Plates on pelvic interradial membrane 2 98.9 100.0
3 1.1 0.0
Plates on adpressed pectoral fin 5 1.1 21.6
6 8.4 26.8
7 51.6 35.1
8 24.2 13.4
9 14.7 3.1
Plates on adpressed pelvic fin 6 1.1 7.2
7 23.2 12.4
8 34.7 32.0
9 27.4 29.9
10 12.6 14.4
11 1.1 3.1
12 0.0 1.0
Postanal plates 11 5.3 0.0
12 6.3 2.1
13 29.5* 21.6
14 30.5 51.5*
15 17.9 20.6
16 9.5 4.1
17 1.1 0.0
Plates between dorsal fin base and adipose fin 5 0.0 2.1
6 34.7 48.5*
7 62.1* 48.5
8 3.2 1.0

*Mode for each species as reported by Weber (1992).

Both species of Pterygoplichthys ZBK were collected from the five study sites except in Pasig River in the City of Manila where only P. disjunctivus was noted. Current distributions of the two Pterygoplichthys ZBK species are shown in Fig. 5.

The fishes caught from Pasig River, Marikina River, Banilad Creek, and Catmon Creek were collected from medium-velocity rivers no more than two meters deep near the riverbanks. Specimens were caught with cast nets except those from Pasig River, which were hand-caught. Most of the drainages where specimens were collected have a muddy and murky bottom. Water quality in these areas can be characterized generally as polluted because these drainages receive waste materials and even sewage from households and industries. Breeding burrows were observed along the banks of Marikina River and Catmon Creek. Fishes in Marikina River were noted to move upstream during high tide to avoid the intrusion of saline water from Manila de Bay. Specimens from San Pedro, Laguna, were collected from fish traps about 2-4 meters deep in the lake waters. This collection site is also situated near heavily populated communities. All fishes were caught during daytime.

FIGURE 2. Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Laguna de Bay ( DLSU ZC-F 61002 . SL 223.0 mm. Collected by J. R. Carandang. Photo by J.M. Chavez).

Our results do not dispel the presence of Hypostomus plecostomus as local reports claimed. However, our results establish the fact that the janitor fish commonly encountered in the Laguna de Bay basin are species of the genus Pterygoplichthys ZBK .

Species of Pterygoplichthys ZBK , commonly known as sailfin catfishes, are native to South America. When and how sailfin catfishes were introduced into Philippine waters are unknown. We suspect that the first individuals were imported from the United States as aquarium fishes, where species of Pterygoplichthys ZBK have been introduced in Texas, Florida, Nevada, and Hawaii (Hoover et al., 2004, Sabaj & Englund 1999).

FIGURE 3. Variations in abdominal color patterns in Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus collected from Laguna de Bay. (A) DLSU ZC-F 31020 , SL 318.9 mm. (B) DLSU ZC-F , 31039 SL 259.1 mm. (C) DLSU ZC-F 31028 , SL 324.5 mm. Photo by J.M. Chavez.

FIGURE 4. Abdomen of Pterygoplichthys pardalis collected from Laguna de Bay ( DLSU ZC-F 31009 SL 317.6 mm. Photo by J.M. Chavez.

TABLE 2. Selected morphometric features of Pterygoplichthys ZBK species from the Laguna de Bay area.* The following abbreviations are used: SL = standard length; L. = length; Dis. = distance; Dep. = depth; and W. = width.


Measurement P. disjunctivus P. pardalis
N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD
SL 96 93.1-399.3 304.5 68.8 97 76.1-422.9 225.3 95.4
Predorsal L. 96 34.3-46.6 41.5 2.4 97 20.3-47.3 41.4 3.8
Head L. 96 23.2-34.4 30.2 2.1 97 26.7-35.1 30.9 1.8
Head dorsal L. 96 6.9-15.1 11.9 1.6 97 6.7-40.5 11.8 3.4
Cleithral W. 96 19.4-29.3 23.4 2.1 97 20.2-32.7 25.3 2.6
Head pectoral L. 96 18.8-32.6 26.1 3.0 97 18.9-32.5 25.5 2.7
Thorax L. 96 16.3-28.2 22.4 2.2 97 16.8-27.9 22.6 2.4
Pectoral spine L. 96 17.4-36.0 29.4 2.9 97 3.2-35.4 28.8 4.1
Abdominal L. 96 2.4-25.6 21.9 2.9 97 15.9-28.9 22.1 2.2
Pelvic spine L. 96 14.4-25.4 19.6 2.3 97 11.8-26.3 21.2 2.8
Postanal L. 96 19.8-43.2 32.9 2.9 97 21.1-37.7 32.5 2.7
Anal fin spine L. 96 6.8-19.2 13.3 2.6 97 7.8-19.6 14.4 2.5
Dorsal pectoral Dis. 96 18.8-31.2 23.0 2.1 97 2.5-29.0 23.0 3.1
Dorsal spine L. 96 13.1-28.4 20.5 2.9 97 13.4-30.8 21.9 3.4
Dorsal pelvic Dis. 96 14.1-24.5 19.6 2.3 97 14.0-27.2 20.6 2.5
Dorsal fin base L. 96 28.1-38.0 32.4 1.9 97 3.2-39.3 32.7 3.6

(to be continued)

TABLE 2 (continue)


Measurement P. disjunctivus P. pardalis
N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD
Dorsal adipose Dis. 96 11.6-20.0 16.0 1.8 97 10.9-19.8 15.3 1.5
Adipose spine L. 96 3.4-9.4 6.1 1.1 97 4.1-9.9 6.8 1.2
Dorsal adipose caudal Dis. 96 8.0-17.1 11.2 1.8 97 7.8-14.7 11.8 1.6
Caudal peduncle Dep. 96 8.7-13.4 10.7 1.0 97 8.3-13.2 11.0 1.0
Ventral adipose caudal Dis. 96 13.3-21.1 16.5 1.6 97 13.1-21.4 17.0 1.5
Adipose anal Dis. 96 15.7-26.9 21.5 1.7 97 16.3-25.2 21.1 1.7
Dorsal anal Dis. 96 9.1-15.1 11.9 1.2 97 9.7-15.1 12.6 1.2
Pelvic dorsal Dis. 96 23.0-33.4 27.3 2.3 97 21.7-33.0 27.6 2.7
Total L. 96 125.2-503.9 380.7 6.5 96 102.1-514.9 289.8 7.4
Preanal Dis. 96 59.0-80.0 69.1 3.2 97 56.8-75.8 69.2 3.3
Head eye L. 96 30.3-53.6 41.8 4.5 97 25.9-71.3 40.4 7.8
Orbit diameter 96 6.5-21.4 10.6 2.5 97 7.3-23.1 13.8 4.3
Snout L. 96 35.5-60.8 49.8 4.9 97 26.4-57.2 47.3 5.1
Internares W. 96 2.4-38.1 27.5 3.7 97 1.8-39.3 27.6 3.9
Interorbital W. 96 40.8-67.6 49.4 4.5 97 38.9-68.3 52.2 6.0
Head depth 96 42.8-69.2 55.8 6.5 97 37.7-86.7 56.4 7.6
Mouth L. 96 21.8-48.2 34.3 5.3 97 18.9-45.7 34.9 5.3
Mouth W. 96 22.1-45.6 34.0 4.2 97 24.0-44.0 34.7 4.6
Barbel L. 96 5.7-22.7 13.3 3.6 97 6.9-22.3 12.6 2.7
Dentary tooth cup L. 96 8.7-15.8 12.1 1.4 97 6.9-18.1 11.8 1.9
Premaxillary tooth cup L. 96 7.7-18.0 11.4 1.6 97 5.0-20.1 10.6 2.2

* SL in mm. Predorsal to preanal measurements are ratios of SL. Head eye length to premaxillary tooth cup length are ratios of head length.

Sailfin catfishes are popular in the Philippines as aquarium pets. Local aquarium dealers have used its local moniker as a selling point and over the years the misconception -that a “janitor fish” cleans uphas risen. Anecdotal reports say this misconception might also be a reason for the high incidence of sailfin catfishes particularly in the Marikina and Pasig Rivers. These drainages have been subjects of clean up drives by local government agencies and private organizations in the past.

Species of Pterygoplichthys ZBK are not the first non-native species of fishes introduced in Philippine waters through the ornamental fish trade (Juliano et al., 1989). We suspect a wider distribution of Pterygoplichthys ZBK species outside of the Laguna de Bay basin due to its popularity and the extent and briskness of the aquarium fish trade in the Philippines. We have received reports of “janitor fish” sightings in streams and rivers in Zamboanga City (about 850 Km south of the City of Manila) and Aparri Cagayan (about 420 Km north of the City of Manila).

TABLE 3. Comparison between measurements of locally caught Pterygoplichthys ZBK species against measurements by Weber (1992). (Measurement abbreviations are: L=length, D=distance, Dia=diameter, Dp=depth. Sites are coded as follows: 1 = Catmon Creek; 2 = Marikina River; 3 = Laguna de Bay; 4 = Pasig River; 5 = Banilad Creek.)


Measurements Weber's measurements a P. pardalis (N=97) b Weber's measurements a P. disjunctivus (N=96)
Sites Sites
1 2 3 5 Total 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Predorsal L. 2.4-3.1 (2.7) 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.3-2.9(2.5) 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5
Head L. 2.7-3.7 (3.2) 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.3-3.3 (3.0) 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3
Thorax L. 3.8-4.8 (4.4) 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.7-5.0 (4.2) 4.5 4.5 3.9 4.7 4.3 4.4
Pectoral spine L. 2.7-4.9 (3.0) 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.4 2.7-3.7 (3.2) 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.7 3.3 3.4
Abdominal L. 3.8-5.4 (4.8) 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4-5.5 (4.8) 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.5
Pelvic spine L. 3.2-5.7 (4.2) 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.7 3.3-5.4 (3.8) 4.5 5.0 4.8 5.2 4.6 4.9
Dorsal fin base L . 2.5-4.1 (2.8) 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.1 2.5-3.1 (2.8) 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0
Dorsal adipose D. 4.7-8.7 (6.4) 6.5 6.5 6.7 5.1 6.3 5.4-8.0 (6.9) 6.8 6.3 6.9 5.7 5.7 6.3
Orbit Dia. 4.9-8.5 (6.7) 5.3 9.2 7.7 7.6 8.0 5.6-9.3 (6.7) 5.6 9.5 7.9 8.7 7.5 8.3
Snout L. 1.6-2.1 (1.9) 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.8-2.0 (1.9) 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.0
Head Dp. 1.5-2.0 (1.7) 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.5-1.8 (1.6) 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7

a Range of measurements. The averages are enclosed in parenthesis.

b Quantities are the mean measurements per site. Column “total” represents the mean of all sites per measurement.

  • Joel M. Chavez, Reynaldo M. de la Paz, Surya Krishna Manohar, Roberto C. Pagulayan, Jose R. Carandang Vi (2006): New Philippine record of south american sailfin catfishes (Pisces: Loricariidae). Zootaxa 1109, 57-68: 57-66, URL:http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:854205F1-2F51-40AD-B42B-0A51A90EBD56
LicensePublic Domain
Rights holder/AuthorNo known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
Sourcehttp://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6A664AE3C82199B1260CBBD6F5948E2

Statistics of barcoding coverage:

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:143
Specimens with Sequences:134
Specimens with Barcodes:125
Species:11
Species With Barcodes:11
Public Records:90
Public Species:9
Public BINs:4

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorSujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul D.N. Hebert, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)
Sourcehttp://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=189472

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Liposarcus sp.:

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorSujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul D.N. Hebert, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)
Sourcehttp://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=469463
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith