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Species
Phalaris arundinacea f. variegata (Parn.) Druce
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Distribution: Pakistan (Punjab & Kashmir); North temperate regions, now intro¬duced to most parts of the world.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200025869 |
Rhizomes account for much of the localized spread of reed canarygrass. Rhizomes grow outwardly from a mother plant until the terminal bud develops a shoot (Evans and Ely 1941). This is unlike quackgrass, which develops shoots all along the rhizome axis. This allows reed canarygrass to rapidly expand its local territory and a single rhizome or stem can infest an entire drainage.
Reed canarygrass culms are also capable of rooting and establishing stands (Hovin et al. 1973). Hovin and his coworkers reported that the nodes of reed canarygrass culms become meristematically active once the panicles are removed, and stage of development of the panicle affected the percent survival of the new plants. Pre-anthesis culms rooted poorly while culms from post-anthesis plants rooted better. Bank erosion and transport of culms allows for yet another means of establishing plants along a watercourse.
Reed canarygrass is a classic weed in many environments but in environments subject to frequent & severe disturbances it has some value. It persists very well in spite of grazing. The grazing period lasts nine months west of the Cascades (Wheeler 1950). Few if any grasses can tolerate grazing pressure this long. It also withstands grazing periods as frequent as 2 weeks between rests with little detrimental effects. It withstands annual burning and spring flooding very well. It also tolerates heavy applications of wastes. It is ecologically “stable state.” The up-side -- it is not very prone to give way to noxious weeds. The down-side -- natural transition to a higher seral “more native” state is unlikely.
reed canarygrass
canary grass
reed canary grass
reed canary-grass
speargrass
ribbon grass
gardener's gaiters
Widely distributed in the temperate parts of the northern Hemisphere.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1050&taxon_id=200025869 |
Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Agromyza albipennis may be found on leaf (near end of mine) of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: major host/prey
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium phaeospermum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: esp. 7-8
Foodplant / pathogen
gregarious, with smoky-brown pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta graminicola infects and damages Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: late summer
Foodplant / parasite
Blumeria graminis parasitises live Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Calameuta filiformis feeds within stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha denticornis may be found in leaf sheath of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: major host/prey
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha incisa may be found in leaf-mine of Phalaris arundinacea
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha lateralis may be found in leaf-mine of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha phalaridis mines leaf of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / gall
stroma of Epichlo causes gall of stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Ischnodemus sabuleti agg. sucks sap of Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, subiculate, immersed becoming superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria dactylina is saprobic on culm of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: 4-8
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius curreyi is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius limosus is saprobic on dead, decaying leaf of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Notaris bimaculatus feeds on stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria fuckelii is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: spring, summer
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
annual, resupinate, drying dark red fruitbody of Physisporinus sanguinolentus is saprobic on dead, decayed, sodden stem (base) of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella typhae is saprobic on Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Puccinia coronata parasitises live leaf of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: mid 8-
Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous uredium of Puccinia sessilis parasitises live leaf of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / sap sucker
Rhopalomyzus lonicerae sucks sap of live Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / saprobe
numerous, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria alopecuri var. phalaridis is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / saprobe
grouped, at first subepidermal, dark brown pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora arenaria var. arenaria is saprobic on culm of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: 5-10
Foodplant / pathogen
embedded sorus of Tilletia menieri infects and damages ovary of Phalaris arundinacea
Remarks: season: 7-8
Foodplant / pathogen
embedded sorus of Ustilago echinata infects and damages live, distorted sheath of Phalaris arundinacea
Foodplant / pathogen
embedded sorus of Ustilago striiformis infects and damages live, distorted shoot of Phalaris arundinacea
Other: unusual host/prey
Reed canarygrass seed is passively dispersed [92] by gravity ([47,90,301,306], reviews by [12,119,257]). Seeds ripen from the tip of the panicle downward ([90,301], review by [12]) and are dispersed almost as soon as they ripen ([90,301,306], reviews by [12,119,257]). The ripening period extends over several days [306].
Reed canarygrass seed may maintain buoyancy for a few days after it falls [47], so it may be further dispersed by water ([47], reviews by [119,136]). Reed canarygrass seed has an adhesive quality [288] and may be dispersed by adhering to machines, humans (review by [119]), and other animals ([288], review by [119]). Reed canarygrass seed was found on feet and feathers of waterfowl. Animals may provide long-range seed dispersal of reed canarygrass and help deposit seed in sites more favorable to germination than seed randomly dispersed by water [288]. Ishida [136] indicated that reed canarygrass seed is also dispersed by wind, although details were not provided.
Conservation Actions
There are no conservation measures in place and none needed.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/164064 |
Temperate regions of N. hemisphere.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=200025869 |