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Species
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)
IUCN
NCBI
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Nezara viridula, commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA) or green vegetable bug (Australia and New Zealand), is a plant-feeding stink bug. Although believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be found around the world.[1] Because of its preference for certain species of legumes, such as beans and soybeans, it is an economically important pest on such crops.[2]
Contents
§Description[edit]
The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about 12.1 millimetres (0.48 in), while females are bigger, reaching a size of about 13.1 millimetres (0.52 in). The body is bright green and shield-shaped and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. They differ from the similar green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare) by the shape of their scent gland openings, which are short and wide in N. viridula, and narrow and long in the green stink bug.[1]
§Color morphs[edit]
Several distinct morphs can be distinguished by the pattern of their exoskeleton coloration, which is predominantly green. The most common one has three parallel white spots on the scutellum (Nezara viridula f. smaragdula), and the third has white or yellowish front margins on the head and the thorax (Nezara viridula f. torquata Fabricius, 1775).[3] The very rare Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca has a uniformly orange or yellow coloration and the spots on the scutellum are still visible.[4]
§Life history[edit]
Nezara viridula reproduces throughout the year in tropics. In temperate zones this species presents a reproductive winter diapause, associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet.[5]
When ready to mate N.viridula sound 100Hz vibration with a "tymbal" composed of a fused first and second terga (not to be confused with tymbal of cicadas) that allow bi-directional communication to any Nezara standing on the same plant so they could find each other. The female lays 30 to 130 eggs at a time, in the form of an egg mass glued firmly to the bottom of a leaf. The eggs are barrel-shaped, with an opening on the top.[1] The eggs take between 5 and 21 days to develop, depending on the temperature.[6] The newborn larvae gather near the empty eggs and do not feed until three days later, after the first moult. They moult five times before reaching maturity, increasing in size each time. Each instar stage lasts about a week, except for the last one before the metamorphosis, which is a day longer.[1] Up to four generations can develop in one year, with eggs developing into adults in as few as 35 days in mid-summer. Up until their third moult the larvae aggregate together on the host plant, the purpose of this aggregation is probably pooling of chemical defenses against predators, for example ants.[6]
§Gallery[edit]
§Ecology[edit]
It is a highly polyphagous herbivore, able to feed on plants from over 30 families, both monocots and dicots.[6] It has a preference for legumes, preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods.[6]
The most important factor limiting the population in temperate zones is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5°C.[7] Females are more likely to survive the winter than males, as are larger individuals and those that develop reddish-brown coloration.[6] In recent decades, the species seems to be expanding its range towards the north, possibly because of global warming.[7][8] The animal's ability to survive the winter also depends on the timely onset of diapause.
§Origin and range[edit]
Nezara viridula is a cosmopolitan species, living in tropical and subtropical regions of Americas, Africa, Asia, Australasia and Europe between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south.[6] Its exact origin is unknown, but it is believed to have originated from the Ethiopia region of East Africa, from where it has spread around the world thanks to its strong flight and human trade routes.[6]
§See also[edit]
- Green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare)
§References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Squitier J.M. (1997, updated 2007) »Southern green stink bug« Featured creatures, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services.
- ^ Panizzi A.R. et al. (2000). Stink bugs (Pentatomidae). In: Schaefer C.W. & Panizzi A.R. (eds.). Heteroptera of economic importance, str. 421-747. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- ^ Biolib
- ^ Mary Golden and Peter A. Follett First report of Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca in Hawai
- ^ Musolin, Dmitry (2012). Surviving winter: diapause syndrome in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula Physiological Entomology - Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 309–322
- ^ a b c d e f g Todd J.W. (1989). »Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula«. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34: 273-292. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001421
- ^ a b Musolin D.L. (2005). »The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula (L.) expands its distribution range, not only in the U.K.« Het News - Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
- ^ Yukava J. et al. (2007). »Distribution range shift of two allied species, Nezara viridula and N. antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Japan, possibly due to global warming«. Applied Entomology and Zoology 42(2): 205-215
§External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nezara viridula. |
- Nezara viridula pheromones in Pherobase.
- Fauna Europaea
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nezara_viridula&oldid=650124048 |
本種發生期為每年的6~9月。根據雄蟲脛節上的白斑推測,可能有類似棋紋鼓蟌伸足求偶的展示行為。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
體長12-16公釐。體色多變,一般呈綠色。觸角青綠色,第3-5節端部紅褐色。前胸背板側角圓突。雄性生殖節腹緣中央突起,把握器呈雙葉狀,大小相等,1/2處有指突,指突尖端有一簇剛毛。台灣有5種色型。綠色型、黃肩型(頭部腹眼前與前胸背板前半黃白色)、綠斑型(黃底綠斑,共計9個綠點,分布在前胸背板前半3個,小盾片基部3個、末端1個,前翅革片中央各有1個)、全黃型、全褐型,後兩種色型均屬越冬體色。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
世界性分布(非洲區、馬達加斯加區、舊北區、東方區、澳洲區、紐西蘭、新熱帶區)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
體長2.5-3.0 mm,約為體寬之2.5-3倍,圓柱狀,為竹蠹科中體型較小的種類。體色紅褐色至黑褐色。觸角十節,末端三節膨大。前胸背板較大、略呈球狀,前緣較圓突;基部中央具一對較深的卵圓形凹窩,兩凹窩僅被一條很窄的中線分隔。翅鞘為大小一致、不成列的點刻佈滿,末端形成弧狀下降,截面不明顯。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
台灣目前已知的唯一發現地點位於新北市五股河口地帶,棲息地主要為感潮區的蘆葦叢濕泥地。因棲地需求特殊且易受周圍人為開發干擾,是亟須保育的物種。成蟲發生期三~十一月。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
成蟲在伐倒木、新剝皮的原木和濕板材上鑽圓形深約5mm的侵入孔,然後順年輪方向開鑿長約15-20cm的母坑道,隨即將蛀屑推出坑道。雌蟲產卵於母坑道壁的小室中,並一直守衛在母坑道中直到死亡。幼蟲坑道甚密,縱向排列,充塞粉狀排泄物;深約1. 5cm,最深3cm,全長約10-15cm。新成蟲羽化後就地補充營養,蛀出若干小孔,排出大量蛀屑,被害木材僅留一層薄外皮,一觸即破。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
禾本科
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©蔡經甫 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/95067 |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / sap sucker
Nezara viridula sucks sap of live Phaseolus coccineus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / sap sucker
Nezara viridula sucks sap of live Herbaceous Plants
Foodplant / sap sucker
Nezara viridula sucks sap of live Broadleaved trees, shrubs and climbers
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 10 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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